Comparing One Hundred Years of Solitude and Bless Me...

Magic or Reality in One Hundred Years of Solitude and Bless Me Ultima In the South American storytelling tradition it is said that humans are possessed of a hearing that goes beyond the ordinary. This special form is the soul’s way of paying attention and learning. The story makers or cantadoras of old spun tales of mystery and symbolism in order to wake the sleeping soul. They wished to cause it to prick up its ears and listen to the wisdom contained within the telling. These ancient methods evolved naturally into the writings of contemporary Latin American authors. The blending of fantasy with reality to evoke a mood or emphasize elements of importance became known as magical realism, and was employed to great effect by Latin†¦show more content†¦By the time of Ultima’s death at the end of the story, the owl has taken on great significance in Antonio’s life and consequently in the progression of his understanding. It was true states Antonio that the owl was Ultima’s spirit. It had come with Ultima, and as men brou ght evil to our hills the owl had hovered over us, protecting us. (Anaya, 256). Other animals play a magical part in Antonios story. There is the golden carp, an enchanted fish that Antonio sets out to find. He is inexplicably drawn toward finding the carp, and communing with it. The golden carp is a representation of the pagan gods that the Catholic Church had set its edicts against. This prohibition causes Antonio great consternation and internal debate. He wonders if his desire to find the fish is a lessening of his worthiness in the eyes of the church and in the eyes of God. None the less, he embarks on his quest. He takes a companion with him as his guide. This is an effective metaphor for the internal struggle facing Antonio in his life at home. Will he embrace the church and become the priest his mother wishes him to be, or will he instead become as his brothers and father, a wandering, restless spirit? The carp appears and a discussion of its home and the mermaids that share it ensues between Antonio and

Inbound Marketing Free Essays

HubSpot: Inbound Marketing and Web 2. 0 None of [the old rules of marketing] are true anymore. The Web has transformed the rules, and you must transform your marketing to make the most of the Web-enabled marketplace of ideas. We will write a custom essay sample on Inbound Marketing or any similar topic only for you Order Now — David Meerman Scott, author of The New Rules of Marketing and PR Business was good at HubSpot. Founders Brian Halligan and Dharmesh Shah were thrilled with the progress their young company had made in the two years since they began their journey to convince corporate America that the rules of marketing had changed.To be successful in the marketplace, HubSpot needed to be much more than just a software company. Its founders had to become evangelists, preaching a new way of doing business that would fundamentally change the way marketers reached their customers. To their great pleasure, Halligan and Shah were finding a willing audience for their ideas. HubSpot was now considered a thought leader in the Web 2. 0 space, coining the term â€Å"inbound marketing† to describe marketing strategies and practices that pulled prospective customers towards a business and its products, through the use of Web 2. tools and applications like blogging, search engine optimization (SEO), and social media. Halligan and Shah realized that their business was at a crucial juncture. They had just reached the noteworthy milestone of 1,000 customers, attaining this level of critical mass by practicing what they preached. HubSpot had built its business by turning its back on traditional marketing methods and was solely using innovative inbound techniques to acquire customers. Looking ahead, the founders wanted to accelerate their growth rate and increase profitability.Ironically, they were grappling with many of the same issues that their customers faced when implementing inbound marketing practices. Halligan and Shah realized that they would need to work through these issues in order to achieve their goals for the company. First, they would need to decide which customers to serve, pulling the best opportunities from the diverse pool of customers who were contacting them. Second, they would need to make some decisions about their current pricing model to entice new customers to the company and to maximize the profitability of existing customers.Third, they would need to assess whether they could achieve enough scale through inbound marketing efforts, or whether they needed to supplement their inbound programs with traditional, interruptive outbound programs. This was more than a test of HubSpot as a company; it was a test of the inbound marketing business philosophy. If HubSpot couldn’t scale its own business using inbound marketing, then how could it convince its customers that inbound marketing would work for them? ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________Professor Thomas Steenburgh and Professor Jill Avery (Simmons School of Management) and Naseem Dahod (MBA 2009) prepared this case. HBS cases are developed solely as the basis for class discussion. Cases are not intended to serve as endorsements, sources of primary data, or illustrations of effective or ineffective management. Copyright  © 2009 President and Fellows of Harvard College. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, call 1-800-545-7685, write Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, MA 02163, or go to www. hbsp. arvard. edu/educators. This publication may not be digitized, photocopied, or otherwise reproduced, posted, or transmitted, without the permission of Harvard Business School. 509-049 HubSpot: Inbound Marketing and Web 2. 0 Founding HubSpot The two HubSpot founders met at MIT. As early and eager students of Web 2. 0, Halligan and Shah recognized the transformative power the Internet possessed for changing the way small businesses operated. After graduation, Halligan joined Longworth Ventures, a venture capital firm with an expertise in technology.As he worked with start-up companies, he recognized an issue with which they all struggled—how to harness the Internet to build a business. Halligan, like many of his clients, came from a traditional sales and marketing background, working for high tech companies Groove Networks and Parametric Technology Corporation. However, at Longworth, he began to realize that the traditional marketing and sales methods he had previously employed were losing their effectiveness in the new Web 2. 0 world. Shah also grew up in the technology sector, holding a number of management and development positions in technology companies.Prior to HubSpot, Shah was founder and chief executive officer of Pyramid Digital Solutions, an enterprise software company and the winner of three Inc. 500 awards, which was acquired by SunGard Data Systems. Shah also authored OnStartups. com, a top ranking blog and online community for entrepreneurs. Halligan and Shah founded HubSpot in 2006. Combining Halligan’s marketing, sales, and venture capital expertise with Shah’s technological knowledge and experience as a successful entrepreneur, the two were a winning combination. Halligan became the chief executive officer and served as HubSpot’s evangelizing front man.Shah became the chief software architect and focused on product development. On the strength of their business plan, Halligan and Shah attracted premier financial partners. After initially self-funding the business, Halligan and Shah raised $5 million from General Catalyst, a Cambridge-based venture capital firm in 2007. Less than a year later, the team raised an additional $12 million from Matrix Partners, a venture capital firm with offices in Boston and Silicon Valley. For a young start-up, HubSpot had a solid financial foundation. Halligan and Shah strove to create a distinct culture at HubSpot.They headquartered the company near MIT in Cambridge, Massachusetts, a hotbed of activity for high tech start-ups, and they staffed up with young, eager MIT graduates who were immersed in Web 2. 0 culture. The HubSpot office buzzed with energy. The sleek, minimalist architecture contrasted with the animated and passionate young team, who craved a fast-pace. The team battled over business with the same gusto that they battled over the last slice of pizza. Inbound Marketing HubSpot built software products that helped companies execute inbound marketing programs to supplement or replace their traditional outbound programs.In the current environment, outbound marketing’s effectiveness was diminishing as consumers, feeling bombarded by the daily deluge of commercial messages, began tuning out. Increasingly, direct mail, trade shows, and telemarketing were yielding less new business. In contrast, companies were finding that search engines, blogs, and social media were generating new business at higher rates. These communication programs were more consistent with the inbound marketing approach. As HubSpot explains on their corporate blog: Outbound marketing is about pulling people away from their dinner, or family, or TV and interrupting their lives.Do you really think you are important or interesting enough for them to want to talk to you instead of doing whatever they were doing when you interrupted them? They have not invited you into their home, and they certainly do not happen to enjoy being interrupted. Instead of spending your whole day interrupting people and hoping they pay attention, try setting up a blog and writing interesting content, so that people want to hear what you have to say and come find you when they’re interested in your products. 2 HubSpot: Inbound Marketing and Web 2. 509-049 Inbound marketing is a collection of marketing strategies and techniques focused on pulling relevant prospects and customers towards a business and its products. Inbound marketers of fered useful information, tools and/or resources designed to attract prospective customers to the company during the time when prospects are actively engaged in a search for a particular product or service. The informative content that the inbound marketer produced was used to entice prospects to interact with the company and begin a relationship with it.As HubSpot vice president of marketing Mike Volpe explains, â€Å"Instead of interrupting people that don’t care, why not help those who want what you’re offering to find you? We have found that building interesting tools is a more effective marketing tool than doing advertising. Things like this get people curious and draw them in. † This new approach to marketing complemented the way consumers were actually making purchasing decisions today, by using Internet search, online blogs, and social networking sites like Facebook and Twitter to learn about products and services before they bought them.HubSpot preached this new way of marketing: Instead of interrupting people with television ads, inbound marketers create videos that potential customers want to see. Instead of buying display ads in print publications, they create their own blog that people subscribe to and look forward to reading. Instead of cold calling, they create useful content and tools so that people call them looking for more information. Instead of driving their message into a crowd over and over again like a sledgehammer, they attract highly qualified customers to their business like a magnet.To be maximized, inbound marketing required three distinct skills. The first was the ability to write compelling content that would attract customers to the business. Importantly, this content had to be useful to customers and not just a promotional message, according to HubSpot: Whole Foods publishes recipes, profiles of their vendors, forums and a lot more. Across all of these mediums they use the right tone. Their content is useful first, and promotional second, not the other way around.This means that their customers find them when they want to know how to make oatmeal cookies, when they want to learn more about where their apples come from or when they want to watch a cooking show. The second was the ability to distribute that content so that it was easily found by prospective customers using search engines, which required a sophisticated understanding of search engine optimization. The third was the ability to attract and engage a community of followers who interacted with the content, added their thoughts to it in an ongoing dialogue, and disseminated it to others.Firms who nurtured an active audience gained credibility in the marketplace, as it was the support of an audience that conferred expertise in a particular area. One of the benefits of inbound marketing was, in contrast to traditional outbound marketing where a business’ message was pushed to a mass audience which contained many who were not in the market for the product, that it was designed to create content that pulled in only those customers who were interested in the product. This created marketing efficiencies.According to Mark Roberge, vice president of sales for HubSpot, inbound marke ting blended marketing and sales together: â€Å"One of our salespeople calls it â€Å"smarketing†Ã¢â‚¬â€we really blend it together so much more. † Volpe explained this concept further in an interview with RainToday. com: â€Å"Our sales people hear things like ‘Oh, HubSpot. I’ve been meaning to talk to you guys,’ or ‘Oh, I just watched your webinar yesterday. I had a couple of questions. ’ So it’s the opposite of a cold call. It’s like getting a call from one of your friends because we’ve already built a relationship. We really don’t do any cold calling. Volpe estimated that the cost of a lead generated using inbound marketing was 5–7 times less than a lead generated by outbound marketing. Businesses had increased the portion of their marketing budgets dedicated to inbound marketing, particularly in business-to-business (B2B) industries, 3 509-049 HubSpot: Inbound Marketing and Web 2. 0 where, 37% was spent on inbound marketing and 30% was spent on outbound marketing. Given its lower costs and increased efficiencies, inbound marketing allowed small businesses to compete with larger firms in a way that had never been possible in the pre-Internet world dominated by mass media.Small business had realized that inbound marketing helped level the playing field and were more aggressively allocating their budgets to inbound marketing techniques. The HubSpot Product Embodying the philosophy of Web 2. 0, the HubSpot web-based software product was a complete inbound marketing system, designed to help businesses attract prospects, qualify their potential, and convert them into paying customers. The goal was to enable a firm to generate more qualified leads, to generate these lead s more efficiently, and to convert them into sales. HubSpot’s user-friendly product allowed even those who were not familiar with Web 2. 0 to build and manage a thriving inbound marketing program. The software included templates to design content for websites, blogs, and social networking sites, tools to help customers optimize their exposure on the Internet, tools to help customers solicit and engage the right customers, and tools to analyze their results. Content Design HubSpot offered its customers a content management system (CMS), software that made creating and editing online content easy.Further, HubSpot’s CMS allowed small businesses to add interactivity, the hallmark of Web 2. 0, to their old, â€Å"brochureware† websites. Pre-designed templates helped customers create their corporate websites, providing guidelines for creating web pages, blogs, online forms, and landing pages. The templates were designed to be turn-key so that customers without HTML programming knowledge could easily publish content online and have that content be search engine friendly. HubSpot’s â€Å"Keyword Grader† scanned the Internet and returned an analysis of the key words relevant to the company’s business that were driving online search results.Including these key words in their content, companies could improve their organic search results, making it more likely that their content would be found by potential customers. Steve Douglas, president and creative director for The Logo Factory, explained how it worked for customers: I had been doing SEO all wrong when I came to HubSpot, trying to optimize my site for the wrong keywords. With HubSpot, I’m now able to see the words people are actually using to find my products and services. I’m able to see which words have the greatest search volume in search engines, helping me choose the right words to optimize my site.HubSpot has helped me be a lot smarter about how I optimize my site and track my progress. (HubSpot, Customer Quotes, 2009) Exposure Optimization The HubSpot product contained a series of tools designed to help customers make their published content more visible on the Internet. These included search optimization tools that graded the firm’s content based on its likelihood to be included early in the search results that are returned when a potential customer searches through Google, Yahoo, or other search engines.The optimization tools graded the company’s website, its key landing pages, and its blogs, and made suggestions for improving them to increase exposure. HubSpot’s â€Å"Link Grader† analyzed the links a firm had on its website to see which ones were generating the most inbound traffic. The Link Grader also analyzed links to competitors’ websites to see which ones were driving customers to them instead of to the firm. Customer, Noel Huelsenbeck, president of Vocio expense management software, gushed: 4 HubSpot: Inbound Marketing and Web 2. 0 509-049 I love the HubSpot software. With just a little page optimization I’ve already gotten great results and my traffic and keyword rankings continue to improve steadily. I’m about to sign a deal from a company that typed in one of our top keywords for which we are now the #1 organic result, thanks to HubSpot! That one deal will pay for all the money spent with HubSpot three times over. On top of that, the support is incredible. The HubSpot team had dedicated their time, even at off hours, to get my site up and optimized. The application is great, but it’s the people that make this company stellar. (HubSpot, Customer Quotes, 2009)Lead Tracking and Intelligence The HubSpot software had marketing intelligence analytics for tracking the interactions customers have with the firm’s content. This enabled firms to analyze which of their inbound marketing programs were working to generate qualified leads, by telling them where potential customers were coming from and how they were engaging with th e company. Firms could generate an interaction profile for each customer by tracking the pages they viewed and the types of forms they completed. Firms could use this information to qualify prospective customers according to their potential.For example, HubSpot itself used the lead tracking software to construct its sales funnel (see Exhibit 1). Information about each customer allowed HubSpot to qualify some of its â€Å"visitors† as â€Å"prospects,† and then â€Å"leads†, and then â€Å"opportunities† based on the behaviors they exhibited while on the site. Team Jodi, a real estate firm, had seen a significant increase in business, claimed owner Jodi Bakst: The traffic to my site increased by 97% in November, by an additional 62% in December, by an additional 31% in January and we’re on track for another big increase in February. In real estate, the bsolute number of leads is way down. But what I’m looking at is the percentage of good leads. The percentage of good leads is actually going up right now and I attribute it to all of the hard work I am doing, 90% of which I learned from HubSpot. (HubSpot, Marketing Case Study, 2009) HubSpot used a software-as-a-service (SaaS) pricing strategy for its product. Rather than paying a large upfront fee, customers paid a smaller monthly fee (between $250-500 per month), much like a gym membership. HubSpot’s low cost and ease of use for Web 2. 0 novices were its competitive advantages.Volpe explained the difference between HubSpot and one of its competitors, Eloqua: Eloqua is really expensive and complicated. It is awesome for larger enterprises. Everyone we talk to that uses Eloqua says, â€Å"if you can get it to work, it’s super powerful, but you have to give up your first born child to pay for it and you need to hire a full-time employee to run it because they have all these scripting languages and all this really, really difficult stuff. † HubSpot’s customers were required to purchase a $500 onboarding package, which bought them four hours of HubSpot consulting.During this time, a consultant helped them through a process designed to kickstart their inbound marketing program: 1. ) setting up the software, 2. ) using the SEO features to get found, 3. ) converting prospects to leads to customers, 4. ) analyzing their results, and, 5. ) institutionalizing the process so that it could be repeated. Once the original consulting hours were depleted, customers were on their own, unless they purchased additional consulting time at a cost of $500 for four hours. Customers were also given access to â€Å"Success. HubSpot† which provided Internet marketing training and resources.Halligan described the HubSpot product as much more than a piece of software; it was a system of tools and training (see Exhibit 2 for product release timeline): HubSpot is a complete inbound marketing system that will help you get found by more prospects and convert more of them into paying customers. We use the word â€Å"system† intentionally. HubSpot is more than software. We have a complete inbound marketing 5 509-049 HubSpot: Inbound Marketing and Web 2. 0 methodology comprised of best practice guides, training materials, software tools, a community and support.Plus, HubSpot is hosted on demand software, meaning that you don’t need any IT staff to get started. We don’t just give you a new marketing tool. We teach you to be an expert in how to use it. HubSpot’s products had garnered acclaim which drove buzz for the company. In 2008, HubSpot received the W3 Silver Winner Award in branding and marketing and the MITX Impact Award for innovative business strategy. HubSpot’s â€Å"Website Grader† was an official honoree for the best websites in the IT hardware/software category in the 12th Annual Webby Awards.In February 2009, HubSpot was named in the top ten of PromotionWorld’s â€Å"Best SEO Companies† ranking. HubSpot’s Marketplace Halligan and Shah envisioned that HubSpot would become the market leader of the industry space carved out by software companies and consulting firms focused on helping businesses fill and manage their customer funnel. The customer funnel metaphorically described the critical processes firms undertook to attract prospective customers to their business, qualify these prospects to determine which ones have the highest probability of converting to paying customers, and, finally, close the sale.The customer funnel is divided into three main activity areas. Most of HubSpot’s competitors chose to play in only one of these areas, although some offered integrated services that spa nned across. Exhibits 3 and 4 summarize the increasingly crowded competitive field. Creating Traffic The goal in the top part of the funnel was to attract large numbers of prospective customers. Firms used marketing programs to capture attention and interest to feed prospects into the funnel. Firms offered information, contests/sweepstakes, or free consulting on their websites to entice prospective customers.To receive the information or to participate, prospects filled out an online form which asked them their contact information and other information that was valuable to the firm, such as budget available for the purchase and estimated purchase timing. HubSpot’s competitors in this area included consultants who built online advertising, websites, blogs, and social media presence, for companies, as well as software companies with SEO products which helped companies maximize their likelihood of getting found by consumers using search engines. Analyzing and Qualifying LeadsThe goal in the middle of the funnel was to assess the potential of different prospecti ve customers brought in by the lead generation programs. Selling a customer required an investment of human and financial resources and firms wanted to ensure that they were targeting these resources to prospects who were most likely to convert to customers. Many prospects brought in through lead generation had a low probability of becoming a customer, and firms could save substantial money if they could identify those customers early and weed them out.The lead qualification process focused on finding customers with potential to pass along to the sales force. HubSpot’s competitors in this area included consultants and software companies with proprietary methods for rating and ranking prospects based on historical analysis of the company’s current customers and conversion rates. Closing the Sale The goal in the bottom of the customer funnel was to convert prospects into customers. One player, Salesforce. com, dominated this segment, providing easy to use, customizable software which 6 HubSpot: Inbound Marketing and Web 2. 509-049 helped firms create a database of their prospects and track their conversion progress in real time. Salesforce. com’s software had become the industry standard for managing and tracking sales efforts. Halligan and Shah hoped that HubSpot could dominate the lead generation and analysis/ qualification stages of the customer funnel, just as Salesforce. com dominated the stage devoted to closing the sale, claiming â€Å"HubSpot could be to marketing what Salesforce. com is to sales. † Filling HubSpot’s Customer Funnel By 2009, HubSpot had 1,000 very diverse customers.HubSpot attracted these customers through inbound marketing, practicing what they preached by using their own software. HubSpot used several different tactics to drive prospects into the funnel. First, the company had a robust website which attracted over 300,000 unique visitors in 2008. The website featured whitepapers, webinars, podcasts, and a blog which provided information about Web 2. 0 and inbound marketing strategies. HubSpot created and managed an 8,000 member LinkedIn group called Pro-Marketers, dedicated to marketing professionals who were interested in learning about Web 2. and inbound marketing. Employees came together every Friday to host their own television show, â€Å"HubSpot TV,† a live streaming podcast also available on iTunes which featured interactive commentary on topical events. HubSpot also produced YouTube video spoofs which changed the lyrics of popular songs like â€Å"You Oughta Know† by Alanis Morissette to sell the inbound marketing concept, the most popular of which was viewed over 50,000 times. Another video, entitled â€Å"Cold Calling is for Losers† was viewed over 35,000 times and humorously showed the futility of outbound marketing techniques.The HubSpot team was encouraged to build their own Web 2. 0 presence to supplement corporate activities. Many employees blogged, tweeted, and participated on social media sites to promote HubSpot. Inbound marketing was a passion for the HubSpot team and they used every avenue they could to evangelize it to whoever would listen. As the website claimed, â€Å"At HubSpot, we live and breathe inbound marketing. We know a lot about it. We love to teach. We’ll make you an expert. † HubSpot’s most successful inbound marketing program was its freeware, small software programs that were available for free and accessible on the Internet.Three commonly used programs were the Website Grader, Twitter Grader, and Facebook Grader. All were designed to provide useful information to prospective customers and introduce them to HubSpot. The graders allowed users to evaluate how well their websites, Twitter accounts, and Facebook presence were performing. For example, Website Grader analyzed a company’s website, rated it versus other sites on the Internet, and offered suggestions for improvements. Users who accessed the free web tools often completed a lead form expressing interest in other offerings, which fed them into HubSpot’s customer funnel.By 2009, over 650,000 websites, 22,000 Facebook profiles, and 2 million Twitter accounts had been graded by the free tools. The freeware had also generated a lot of positive press and online buzz. Volpe explained how all these activities fed HubSpot’s funnel: â€Å"We think about the size of the community we’ve built. It includes people on our email list, people that subscribe to our feed in iTunes, people that subscribe to our blog, people that follow one of our accounts on Twitter, people that are fans of our page on Facebook. It’s sort of how many fans we have cultivated in the world. When HubSpot was just getting started, the sales force called on all leads coming into the funnel. HubSpot sold to any customer who was interested in buying its products. This helped achieve the critical mass the fledgling venture needed to survive. However, as the number of prospective customers grew, HubSpot began carefully qualifying leads before turning them over to the sales force. HubSpot constantly updated its lead rating algorithm based on their success with converting different types of prospects, and the varying customer retention rates experienced post-sale. 7 509-049 HubSpot: Inbound Marketing and Web 2. By 2009, the company was weeding out almost 50% of the leads in its funnel. Low quality leads were given no further attention. The remaining 50% were rated on a scale of 1 (low probability of conversion) to 10 (high probability of conversion). 63% of the rated leads were graded with scores ranging from 7 to 10, making them a high priority for the sales force’s attention. The selling process was fairly involved and focused on a sales person guiding a prospect through an online product demonstration; closing a sale took between 30-45 days from the point of initial contact to final sale.Since HubSpot’s inbound marketing did not target a specific type of customer, HubSpot found itself attracting a diverse set. HubSpot’s customers came from many different industries, including professional services, health care, software, real estate, and construction materials. They included businesses selling to other businesses (B2B), as well as businesses selling directly to consumers (B2C). Exhibits 5 and 6 show the composition of HubSpot’s customer portfolio. Two different types of customers were visible: small business owners and marketing professionals working in larger firms.HubSpot affectionately dubbed these two personas â€Å"Owner Ollie† and â€Å"Marketer Mary. † â€Å"Owner Ollie† The Small Business Owner Customer Owner Ollies made up 68% of HubSpot’s customer portfolio. Owner Ollies owned small businesses with 1–25 employees. Owner Ollies were busy, as they were simultaneously managing the human resources, marketing, sales, operations, and finance areas of their companies. Given their small size, they did not have a dedicated marketing professional on their staff and, thus, they did most of the marketing themselves. Owner Ollies were curious about Web 2. and inbound marketing, but had not made investments in consulting, software, or programs in this area. Their primary objective was to generate more leads for their businesses; Owner Ollies were focused on feeding the tops of their customer funnels. Time and resources were scarce and Owner Ollies wanted quick, simple solutions to help them generate leads, because leads were the lifeblood of their small businesses. Owner Ollies were fairly easy to sell; the cost to acquire this type of customer was around $1,000. As Volpe explained, â€Å"Ollie doesn’t even think about marketing most of the time.He’s thinking about finance and HR and there is a leak in the pipes in the office. He’s got all kinds of stuff to worry about. He typically doesn’t shop around and try to find any other software competitive to HubSpot. He gets on the phone, he decides if he likes it, he gives you his credit card number and he’s like, ‘Great, let’s do it. ’† â€Å"Marketer Mary† The Marketing Professional Customer Marketer Marys made up 31% of HubSpot’s customer portfolio. Marketer Marys were marketing professionals working in companies which ranged from 26 to 100 people.Unlike Owner Ollies who tended to work on marketing alone, Marketer Marys were supported by a marketing team. As marketing professionals, Marketer Marys were more educated than Owner Ollies about Web 2. 0 and were looking for assistance with running their programs, evaluating their results, and justifying their return on investment to senior management. Marketer Marys often had web consultants who designed online websites and programs. Hence, Marketer Marys were more interested in the analytics and reports that HubSpot provided.Marketer Marys ran many more inbound marketing programs than Owner Ollies, and needed more robust and sophisticated tools to design them and measure their results. Marketer Marys had more money to spend on products like HubSpot, but were harder to reach and had a longer selling cycle as they often had to get approval from managers higher up in their organizations. The cost to acquire this type of customer was $5,000. As these two customer segments emerged in the customer base, HubSpot tweaked its product, developing two different versions, each with features designed to better serve the needs of either Owner Ollies or Marketer Marys. The differences between the two are summarized in Exhibit 7. ) 8 HubSpot: Inbound Marketing and Web 2. 0 509-049 HubSpot took good care of its customers. Jonah Lopin headed up the HubSpot services group, known as the â€Å"customer happiness department. † Lopin and his team quickly realized that the customers HubSpot was serving were very diverse, making it difficult to standardize processes across customers. Different customers had different familiarity and comfort with Web 2. 0 tools. B2C companies were much more sophisticated Web 2. users than B2B companies and many found that HubSpot’s content templates were too rudimentary for their needs. Most B2C companies already had highly performing websites and social media presence and had engaged Web 2. 0 consultants and agencies to work with them prior to coming to HubSpot. In contrast, most B2B customers had little to no experience with Web 2. 0 and no other agencies or consultants supporting their efforts. They required more attention from Lopin and his team during start-up and during their lives as customers. The second difference was that B2B customers seem to derive reater value from inbound marketing than B2C customers. Many of the B2B customers sold products or services that were complex, which required buyers to undergo in-depth learning prior to purchase. Blogs, podcasts, webinars, and other Web 2. 0 programs that explained the product served as valuable inputs into a customer’s decision making process and were effective feeders of B2B customer funnels. The buying processes associated with the B2B businesses were much more complex than those associated with B2C businesses, due to a longer decision making cycle involving multiple stakeholders at the buying firm.Because of this, B2B customers were more selective about whom they focused their sales forces’ attentions on and derived great value from the lead qualification analysis that HubSpot provided. The third difference was that Owner Ollies were less knowledgeable and sophisticated than Marketer Marys. Owner Ollies also derived greater initial value than Marketer Marys, as Volpe explained, â€Å"The great part about Ollie is that we can actually have a much larger impact on his overall business than we can with Mary. It saves him a ton of money and he is getting a much better customer flow.It has fundamentally changed his business. † Lopin also saw differences in the customer retention data, as the churn rates (the rate at which customers cancelled their HubSpot subscriptions) varied across segments. The results of his analysis are listed in Table A and in Exhibit 8. Although Marketer Marys were a harder sell up front, they stayed longer than Owner Ollies. Lopin speculated that usage of the monthly analytics and reporting was driving her longer customer life. Owner Ollies were focused on using SEO to increase visitors to their websites. They derived much of their value in the first few months as a customer.Once Owner Ollies thought they were â€Å"done† optimizing, they would cancel their HubSpot subscription. Table A Churn Rates by Segment Average Churn Rate (cancellations per month) Owner Ollies Marketer Marys Total B2B Total B2C CMS Non-CMS Total 4. 3% 3. 2% 3. 3% 6. 0% 2. 1% 5. 5% 4. 1% Source: Company reports. 9 509-049 HubSpot: Inbound Marketing and Web 2. 0 Investigating further, Lopin realized that customers who hosted their websites on HubSpot’s content management system had lower churn rates than customers who hosted with other companies. Lopin urged the sales force to push the content management system hosting service to new customers. As a result, an increasing number of Owner Ollies were migrating their websites to HubSpot. In 2009, 13% of Owner Ollies selected HubSpot to host their site, paying an initial fee of $500 which covered twelve hours of HubSpot consulting designed to make the migration process painless. In contrast, only 2% of Marketer Marys hosted their websites with HubSpot. Lastly, Lopin saw differences in the amount of time different types of customers were willing to put into using the HubSpot software. To derive meaningful results from the software, customers needed to consistently invest ten hours per week to it.This was a significant time investment, particularly for Owner Ollies. Customer Geoff Alexander, president of Geoff Alexander Company, a telesales training company, explained: â€Å"It took a couple of hours to mash through all the training, but the key to HubSpot is putting the time into it. Without HubSpot, I just would have winged it. The investment required for HubSpot is actually a lot like paying for web intelligence school. I was ignorant of the nuts bolts of SEO and online lead generation for years. Now I’m making up for it. (HubSpot, Marketing Case Study, 2009) Some of HubSpot’s current customers were not putting in the time, as shown in Table B. Fifteen percent of current customers had not logged in to the HubSpot software over the past 12 weeks. Table B Customer Usage Percent of Customers Logged into HubSpot system gt; 50% of weeks Logged into HubSpot system 25 B2B25 B2C25 B2B25 B2C25 Total 25 CMS Total 10 unique visitors M/M Growth in Average Weekly Leads Customers included in analysis: (78 for Oct, 92 for Nov, 95 for Dec) †¢ Accounts must be over 3 weeks old entering the lift period †¢ All weeks in lift period must have gt;1 lead Source: Company reports. 0 509-049 -21- Exhibit 10 HubSpot’s Growth Rate HubSpot 2008 Customer Forecasted Pipeline Details 3,500 3,000 3,000 2,714 2,429 2,143 2,000 1,571 1,500 1,286 1,000 1,000 1,370 1,857 1,857 2,143 2,714 2,500 500 74 35 Jan 1,370 74 35 45 55 65 100 129 157 1,000 1,286 1,571 Feb Mar Apr May 1,857 186 65 100 45 129 55 157 65 186 65 186 75 Jun 1,857 186 75 214 75 Jul 2,143 214 75 214 85 Aug 2,143 214 85 271 243 95 Sep 2,429 243 95 95 Oct 2,714 271 95 271 105 Nov 2,714 271 105 300 115 Dec 3,000 300 115 Leads Opportunities New Customers Source: Company reports. How to cite Inbound Marketing, Papers

Cyber Security for Power and Hacking Everyone-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCyber Security for Power and Hacking Everyone. Answer: McGuire, M. and Dowling, S., 2013. Cybercrime: A review of the evidence. Summary of key findings and implications. Home Office Research report, 75. McGuire and others in this article aims to address the main points that are related to the cyber dependent crimes like the hacking. Cyber dependent crimes can only be committed using a computer network or a computer system and communication technology. The aim of this paper is to highlight the techniques used by the cyber security experts for the removal of this type of the crime. This paper also includes several recherch that have conducted throughout the years showing the increase in the trend (Seplveda and Khan 2015). Although hacking is one of the major crimes in the modern day but it has been seen that the number of such crimes are increasing with days. There are two main types of the cyber dependent crimes, firstly the illicit intrusions into computer networks that is the hacking and cracking of the systems and secondly the downgrading of computer functionality and network space, for example the DDos attacks, malware injection attacks and others (Carter, Sofio and Alperen 2017) There are three types of vulnerabilities according to the recherer which affects the system the most namely the Virus: these are the most common and well known type of malware that affects a system. These are the type of the dysfunctions that effects the system in the terms of deleting the hardware, software and the other files (Laybats and Tredinnick 2016). This type of the attracts host a system, but cannot work if the system is not been continuously used. Worms are the types of the self-replication programs but this type of malwares can only spread inside a system. The work of this is fill up the hard disk space in a system and are somewhat more dangerous than the viruses. The Trojans are the form of the malware that enables a attacker to access the files of the host computer remotely (Nordstrom and Carlson 2014). They can perform tasks, such as pilfering data without the operators awareness and may trick operators by undertaking a routine task while essentially undertaking concealed, illicit actions. Some of the hacking methods that are used by the attackers spams , the spam is type of a email that is sent to the hot computer for gaining the access of the computer is the user opens the file or for injecting any file in the host computer. These are also used for the phishing purpose. Botnets: Botnets refers to the clusters infected by the software that are used to send out scam signals. These are also used for sending out spam messages. These are the few techniques that have been thoroughly recherch in the paper by the recharger. This paper also includes the key findings o-f the cyber dependent crimes. The paper also presented with survey results on the basis of the internet results. The results were calculated on a regular basis, crime survey for the England and the wales and from the ofcom. The results came out that 37% of the internet users reported one or more than one negative experience with the internet user. The result also provided by the Ofcom reported that more than 39% of the users in the internet have some time or the other have reported any mishap with the internet. Although this results seems to be very small in amount but has a significant outcome in understanding the situation. One of the other result described the number of the virus or the malware attack in the past 10 years. The maximum number of the cases were reported in the year of the 2006 least in the 2010 (Azzimonti and Marks 2016).The CVS survey of the crime, including the online climes that are experienced. They reported that there had been approximately 180000 incidents in the online crime sector from the year of the 2006 to 2008 in the England and wales. This paper also provides with the details of the police record crimes and the action frauds. It is been said that the police record crimes does not distinguish between the online or the offline crime. According to the researchers the police records the crime in provisions of the HOCR. As stated by the author there is no specific offence of the cybercrime aside those from the computer misuse acct. According to the reports of the police (Broadhurst et al. 2014). The number of the hacking cases are more than the cases of the virus attacks and other such attacks. This report also presents us with the reasons which may have caused from the victims reporting this type of crimes to the police. One of the main reason that is provided is that it is seen in many cases that the victims does not even understands the attack (McGuire and Dowling 2013). Other reasons may be lack of enough proof or evidence, financial conditions and others. In case of the businesses also it is seen that the number of the cases of reporting such crimes are not very much (Halder, Jaishankar and Jaishankar 2012). According to the CVS 88% of the cases are not reported to the police. Although this paper provides enough evidence about the ongoing cybercrimes that are going on in the world, the paper is not able to clear review about the cases of the crimes in the recent years. The paper provides a good result of the cases but not how this problems can be eradicated leaving the readers to think more about the crime and not the solution of the paper. The case studies provided in the papers makes the readers understand the current scenarios of the cybercrime that are going on in the world. Conversely, the study has indeed, laid a structure for the forthcoming studies that have evaluated and enhanced the theory in this zone. References Azzimonti, M. and Marks, A., 2016. Hacking induced externalities and the apathy of stockholders. Broadhurst, R., Grabosky, P., Alazab, M., Bouhours, B. and Chon, S., 2014. An analysis of the nature of groups engaged in cyber crime. Carter, W.A., Sofio, D.G. and Alperen, M.J., 2017. CYBERSECURITY LEGISLATION AND CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE VULNERABILITIES.Foundations of Homeland Security: Law and Policy, pp.233-249. Halder, D., Jaishankar, K. and Jaishankar, K., 2012.Cyber crime and the victimization of women: laws, rights and regulations. Information Science Reference. Laybats, C. and Tredinnick, L., 2016. Information security. McGuire, M. and Dowling, S., 2013. Cyber crime: A review of the evidence.Summary of key findings and implications. Home Office Research report,75. Nordstrom, C. and Carlson, L., 2014.Cyber Shadows: Power, Crime, and Hacking Everyone. ACTA Publications. Seplveda, D. and Khan, O., 2015. Hacking cyber-risks back in their tracks: to identify the right supply chain controls, look at the system.Effektivitet, (3), pp.32-35.

The Unfinished free essay sample

The Societies of the West: most arid territory contained wettest, lushest lat plains/ high mountains many people The Western Tribes: Indians- most important western population before white migration most indigineous some forced west of mississippi pattern of civilization developed 300,000 indians lived on pacific coast before arrival of spanish settlers support through fishing, foraging, simple agriculture. Peublo’s in south west established permanent settlement **plains indians** made up of many tribes/ languages farmers less vs. buffalo hunter horse bison/ beffalo provided economy flesh- food; skin- materials, used all parts plains warriors whites biggest foes mid 19th c ioux, arapaho, cheyene, -powerful alliance greatest â€Å"tribe† ecological- economic decline vulnerable to disease **indian disadvantages** 1840’s- long term battle; fall economically and industry Hispanic New Mexico: 1840’s. U. S acquired mexican residents farming/ trading 17th C more recent- cattle/ sheep ranching anglo americans established territory ignoring the 50,000 hipanics worried land would be confiscated 1847 taos indians rebelled killed new gov/ anglo american officials subdues by US army US organized gov in 1850 US broke power of tibes led to hispanic migration 1880’s-90’s railroads ew economic activity nre mexican immigration looking for work got lowest paying least stable jobs Hispanic. We will write a custom essay sample on The Unfinished or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Asian Stereotypes Essay Essays

Asian Stereotypes Essay Essays Asian Stereotypes Essay Essay Asian Stereotypes Essay Essay Stereotypes are everyplace in today’s society. The media today such as telecasting. wireless. and the cyberspace invariably remind us of the stereotypes for different races. genders. faiths. and legion other classs. Stereotypes of Asians in peculiar have been around for a reasonably nice length of clip. In the late nineteenth century. the term â€Å"Chinky Chink† was used to depict the American fright that a big figure of Asians would immigrate to the United States. Americans were afraid that the Asiatic immigrants would â€Å"invade† the state and take occupations off from Americans. At this clip. many anti-Asian feelings were expressed. particularly on the West Coast. through headlines such as â€Å"The ‘Yellow Peril† ( Los Angeles Times. 1886 ) . In 1924. the Immigration Act was passed. restricting the figure of Asians allowed into the United States because by so they were considered an â€Å"undesirable† race. Racism back so finally evolved into the stereotype ingrained in today’s society. One of the more common Asiatic stereotypes in our universe specifically pertains to East Asians. East Asia as a phrase normally refers to the states of China and Japan. as the chief states subject to stereotyping. By and large. Asians are portrayed as being smart in topics such as math or scientific discipline. hardworking. politically nescient. and really polite and unoffending. They are besides portrayed as holding no peripheral vision. which purportedly leads to bad drive. Common stereotypes are soldierly creative persons. geeks. and aliens. Bing aliens. Asians are attributed to talking hapless English and replacing the letters â€Å"-l† and â€Å"-r† with each other. Mumbling random bunk and utilizing words that rhyme on â€Å"-ng† sounds like â€Å"ching. Chang Jiang chong† is another word picture normally associated with Asians. Asiatics in America are considered to be inadaptable. inherently fixed in their ain civilization and unable to go truly American. A common stereotype for Asiatic parents is that they merely care about their children’s classs and academic hereafter. They don’t let their childs to travel out with their friends. as parents of other ethnicities are wont to make. Alternatively. boies and girls of Asiatic parents are told to remain place. analyze difficult. acquire into a good esteemed college. and unrecorded life with a high-paying. high-status occupation. Old Chinese and Nipponese people are described as being highly wise with long face funguss. the image drawn from the Chinese philosopher Confucius. East Asiatic nutrient is stereotyped every bit good. the most well-known Chinese nutrient among Westerns being egg axial rotations. â€Å"chow mein† . and â€Å"chow fun† . and fortune cookies. Surprisingly plenty. most of the â€Å"Chinese food† Westerns love to eat is about 100 % a Western version of the original. The fortune cooky we know today was invented in America. non China as most nescient people believe. Asiatic stereotypes based on physical visual aspects besides exist. During World War II. attempts were made to separate â€Å"enemy† Nipponese from â€Å"friendly† Chinese merely through physical visual aspect hence taking to farther stereotyping and the ascription of physical traits to each group. Such stereotypes include aslant eyes for slits. In the yesteryear. Asiatic work forces in peculiar have been thought to be reasonably feminine. The chief ground for this stereotype lies in the fact that Asians used to make what was considered â€Å"women’s work. † These Asiatic workers were. as a whole. shorter than the mean American adult male. sported long plaits. and sometimes wore long silk gowns. Chinese work forces were seen as an economic menace to the white work force so Torahs were passed that prevented the Chinese from working in many different industries. Due to those Torahs. Asians were forced to make what was deemed â€Å"women’s work† by the society at the clip. In the media. Asiatic work forces were frequently compared to white adult females. Two of import fictional Asiatic characters in America’s cultural history are Fu Manchu and Charlie Chan. Both were created by white writers Sax Rohmer and Earl Biggers in the early 1900s. Fu Manchu is an intelligent. evil Chinese liquidator with secret plans of universe domination. He is the image of America’s imaginativeness of a purportedly cryptic and baleful Asiatic race. On the other manus. Charlie Chan is a submissive Chinese investigator who solves instances while courteously accepting or disregarding the legion racialist abuses thrown at him by the white American characters. Charlie is the image of America’s position of a â€Å"good† Asiatic. Both characters found immense popularity in many novels and positions. Through these two characters invented by white Americans nevertheless. the American consciousness has been disillusioned with these stereotypes of Asians. As Asiatic work forces have stereotypes. Asiatic adult females besides have stereotypes created chiefly through the heads of kinky Americans. Asiatic adult females have been described as aggressive sexual existences. Western civilization has promoted stereotypes of Asiatic adult females. naming them â€Å"Dragon Ladies† . â€Å"China dolls† . and â€Å"Geisha misss. † Harmonizing to UC Berkeley Professor of Asiatic American Studies Elaine Kim. this stereotype of Asiatic adult females being submissive sex objects impedes their economic flexibleness and has caused the addition in demand of cultural erotica. Stereotyped portraitures of Asiatic adult females created by sexist white work forces continue to be a presence in films despite their now disguised signifier. Research workers have theorized that the common stereotypes today could perchance be act uponing the perceptual experience of Asians’ ability and chance of gaining managerial places. The stereotypes affecting Asians as swots. submissive. and quiet leads to the mentality that Asians are a good labour beginning. Therefore. this leads to the outlook that Asians are unqualified leaders. Because our society today values individualism. Asians find it highly difficult to suit in with these outlooks. due to their original values of close households and groups. This stereotype has sometimes led to Asiatic employees being taken advantage of and lowers the likeliness for Asiatic professionals to be considered for a direction place. Asians are purportedly extremely qualified scientists and applied scientists. but missing features for leading places. Among all other racial groups. Asiatics have the least opportunity of progressing into leading places. A form has been created of instruction assisting entry into professional Fieldss. over-representation in proficient Fieldss. but under-representation in executive places. The stereotype that Asiatic pupils are geniuses prevents them from accepting academic and emotional jobs and inquiring for aid. Whether they are stand outing or holding jobs. it is imperative to admit that Asiatic pupils may be sing school. societal. and household emphasiss in order to continue their theoretical account Asiatic image. Pigeonholing Asians additions peer favoritism such as being threatened. holding racialist remarks said to them. and being excluded from activities. By merely concentrating on the Asiatic stereotype of exceeding pupils and generalising all Asians with it. this theoretical account does non take into consideration the big figure of Asiatic American pupils and their households who suffer from poorness and illiteracy. WORKS CITED Chen. Tina T. â€Å"Asian American Empowerment. † Model Minority. May 2004. Department of Psychology. Pennsylvania State University. 15 Dec. 2008. Kim. Angelea. and Christine J. Yeh. â€Å"Stereotypes of Asiatic American Students. † ERIC Digest. 15 Dec. 2008. â€Å"Stereotype: East Asiatic stereotypes. † Wikipedia. 14 Dec. 2008. â€Å"Stereotypes of East and Southeast Asians in the United States. † Wikipedia. 14 Dec. 2008. ? Response By making this undertaking. I have learned much about stereotypes and basically racism against Asians. Prior to making this undertaking. I had already known some stereotypes. even some which were used on me. Among some of those I knew are Asians as smart pupils. Asiatic parents as really academic focused. and Asians that have hapless English and drive. In world. I had planned on composing a research paper on stereotypes in general. but there likely would’ve been excessively many facets to cover. Therefore. I decided to take a individual stereotype. which was the East Asiatic stereotype. Through researching. I have learned many different stereotypes for Asians. For illustration. I now know different stereotypes refering to Asiatic work forces every bit good as Asiatic adult females. While composing my research paper. I was instead surprised at the figure of stereotypes I was unaware of. On the other manus. I already knew some of the stereotypes mentioned. It was merely a affair of taking some of the stereotypes in my ain life to add inside informations to the stereotypes I found online. By the clip I finished researching and composing my paper. I felt like I knew dozenss more about Asian stereotypes than I had before. It was a spot saddening to see how many wholly incorrect constructs there are today of Asians. Although I am Asiatic myself. I do non happen any discourtesy in any of these stereotypes for I know that they are non true. They may use to a bulk of the Asiatic American population. but I rest in the cognition that I can be an exclusion to the stereotypes set by today’s society.

Understanding and Using Latin Adverbs

Understanding and Using Latin Adverbs Adverbs as Particles Adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections are called particles. Adverbs in Latin, as in English, modify other words in the sentence, especially verbs. Adverbs also modify adjectives and other adverbs. In English, the ending -ly, added to an adjective, makes it easy to identify many adverbs: He walked slowly- where slowly modifies the word walked, and where slow is the adjective. In Latin, adverbs are mainly formed from adjectives and participles. Latin adverbs provide information in a sentence about manner, degree, cause, place, or time. Regular Formations of Adverbs From Adjectives In Latin, some adverbs are formed by adding an ending to an adjective. For first and second declension adjectives, a long -e replaces the ending. Instead of the adjective carus, -a, -um (dear), the adverb is care.To adjectives from the third declension, -ter is added. From the adjective fortis brave, the adverb form is fortiter.The neuter accusative of some adjectives is also the adverb. Multum many becomes multum much as an adverb.The formation of other adverbs is more complicated. Some Adverbs of Time quando? when?cum whentum thenmox presently, sooniam alreadydum whileiam pridem long agoprimum firstdeinde next afterhodie todayheri yesterdaynunc nowpostremo finallypostquam as soon asnumquam neversaepe oftencotidie every daynondum not yetcrebro frequentlypridie the day beforesemper alwaysumqam everdenique at last Adverbs of Place hic herehuc hitherhinc from hereibi thereeo thither, to thereillic therequo whitherunde whenceubi whereundique from everywhereibidem in the same placeeodem to the same placequovis anywhereusque all the way tointro inwardlynusquam nowhereporro further oncitro to this side Adverbs of Manner, Degree, or Cause quam how, astam soquamvis however muchmagis morepaene almostvalde greatlycur whyquare whyergo thereforepropterea because, on this accountita sosic sout as, howvix hardly Interrogative Particles whether: an, -ne, utrum, utrumne, numwhether not nonne, annonwhether at all numquid, ecquid Negative Particles not non, haud, minime, ne, neclest nenor neque, necnot only ... but also non modo ... verum/sed etiamnot only not ... but not even non modo ... sed ne ... quidemnot even ne ... quidemif not si minusso as not quo minus, quominuswhy not? quin Comparison of Adverbs To form the comparative of an adverb, take the neuter accusative of the adjectival form. clarus, clara, clarum, clear (adjective, m, f, and n)clarior, clarius, clearer (adjective in the comparative, m/f and n)clare, clearly (adverb)clarius, more clearly (adverb in the comparative) There are also irregular comparative forms. The superlative is formed from the superlative of the adjective, ending in -e. clarissimus, -a, -um, most clear (superlative adjective, m, f, and n)clarissime, most clearly (superlative adverb) Source Allen and Greenoughs New Latin Grammar

Aspiration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Aspiration - Essay Example Aspiration could be consequential and come with the risk of leading to a type of pneumonia known as aspiration pneumonia. Aspiration is generally being identified to be common in some people than others. For example, patients who suffer dysphagia stand a higher risk of being affected with aspiration and on a very regular basis. Dysphagia could pose a risk to patients because it is the difficulty in swallowing and such difficulty commonly leads to misplacement of food or fluid particles. It is also said that the male to female ratio of risk is 2:1 (Medscape, 2012). What this means is that there are more males who are at risk to aspiration than females. It is for this reason that the control of aspiration is an important issue to health practitioners. Symptoms of aspiration are varying and often dependent on the level of risk. Most commonly however, aspiration will be characterized by coughing, choking, fever, chills, leakage of food from mouth, shortness of breath and wet voice after swallowing (University of Wisconsin, 2012) The National Safety Council is quoted as stating that choking is the forth leading cause of unintentional injury death (Medscape, 2012). There are other critical effects that adults and other sufferers of aspiration face. Some of these include a permanent expansion of one’s lungs or trachea (Selius and Subedi, 2008). Once such permanent damages take place, the resorting long term consequence is that there could be the development of dyspahgia, which in its self is a risk factor to getting aspiration. Practitioners often want to use the term conservative management because they have a feeling that aspiration is best treated when taken care of at the initial stage. To this effect, some of the treatments prescribed include the need to place children in upright positions, not putting children in seated position after ninety minues of feeding, raising head of bed to 300,

Comparative criminal justice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Comparative criminal justice - Assignment Example I found these three aspects interesting because they aim at making a prison stay comfortable. While prisoners should not live in squalid conditions, they still seem to be tended to with great care and many options to ensure that they thrive while in prison. The difference between prisoners’ rights and prisoners’ privileges is that rights must be granted to all prisoners, while privileges must be earned based on good behavior. Rights are determined by government and privileges are determined by the individual prisons and are not offered to all prisoners. A prisoner has the right and is entitled to healthcare and protection from bullying by other prisoners, but they must earn the opportunities to receive additional visits from friends and family. At the reception on the first day, prisoners are checked in and assigned numbers. They are interviewed and assessed so that they understand the rules of the prison and their rights, as well as available courses and required healthcare. All new prisoners are strip searched, and then given prison-standard clothing. The prisoners are then inspected by a nurse to determine if a prisoner is under the influence of drugs or prescribed medication, or are feeling suicidal. In the case that a prisoner is violent or considered a risk to themselves or others, segregation cells are made available for the prisoner to remain for a short period of time. Female prisoners are allowed to keep their infants with them in prison if the child is under eighteen months, or the woman gives birth while in prison, and the admissions board deems the situation required for the well-being of the infant. If the prisoner is denied their child or if the child is older than eighteen months, or if there are no available mother-baby units in any potential prison, outside arrangements must be made for the care of the child. Such arrangements can be made with family or Social Services, who will see to it that the child is cared for in a

Treaty of Versailles Essay Example for Free

Treaty of Versailles Essay As solders on the battlefields celebrated, families reunited, and the unlucky ones mourned, the war was finally over, as of 11 o clock on the morning of November 11th in 1918 (Vaughan, 1-2). The solders that survived came home, and the unlucky ones did not; some families united, and other families mourned for their loved ones. Everybody started celebrating the end of the first major war, where so many young lives were lost; so many people were permanently scarred for life or suffered horrible war-injuries (Vaughan, 1-2). The Treaty of Versailles was the treaty formed at the end of World War I, which many historians say caused the next major war, WWII. The reason for this, they say, is because of too many harsh laws included in the treaty, which put the full blame of Germany. Germany was blamed, because they lost the war, and so every other country used them as easy scapegoat, for all of the damage and loss of lives that had just happened. Of course as the scapegoat, Germany was forced and had to pay huge amounts of reparation fees and had to give up most of their land for no real apparent reason (Vaughan, 1-2). All of these heavy burdens and mistakes were just being thrown on the Germans and their nation for no other reason than the fact that they had lost the war. Germany did not even start the war, at a matter of fact (abid). Two month later, after WWI, leaders gathered in Paris to make a treaty, the treaty of Versailles. This treaty like all treaties in history, was to help maintain peace and to prevent war. But in this case, it is not the same. The treaty actually encouraged war, than to prevent it (nv.cc.va.us). In a palace near Paris, France called Versailles, the new treaty was created. Named after the place it was written it, the treaty of Versailles was supposed to have a goal, which was of course to maintain the peace for as long as possible, like all treaties ever made. But which of course, less than twenty years went by, until the whole world experienced the biggest and deadliest war that they had ever seen, WWII (Mayer, 3365). This deadly war, WWII, affected at least every country in the world in one way or another and  the death number was in the millions. So therefore and obliviously the treaty did not do a very good (Vaughan, 1-2). The leaders who met to sign the treaty were known to the world as the Big Four, basically because the fate of Germany was put into their hands, and later the fate of WWII. This Big Four included these popular leaders: Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924), the president of the United States at the time, David Lloyd George (1863-1945), who was the prime minister of Great Britain, Georges Clemenceau (1841-1929), who was the premier of France), and finally, Vittorio Emanuele Orlando (1860-1952), the premier of France. Another name, which was not with or in the Big Four was Ulrich Von Brockdoff-Rantzau (1869-1928), and he was the leader of delegation; foreign minister who was given the treaty on behalf of Germany. He was the person who had to accept the terms or Germany would be completely annihilated (learn.co.uk). Many historians ask if the four leaders or idealists were, in definite seeking a just and lasting peace, or were they more concerned with vengeance and assurances of national security (Vaughan, 1-2)? The historians that said this quote thought that the leaders only were concerned with vengeances, and not assurances of national security, which they probably were. Many people say that the leaders were not trying to punish Germany for the cause of war, because everyone already knew that Germany in fact did not cause it, but actually were trying to help themselves to free German land and their money. Nobody really knows what were going in the minds of the Big Four, except for them, but everyone does know that whatever it was, it caused a great deal of tensions and, between Germany and the rest of Europe. (abid) A great example of a person trying to get free land at the time the treaty was being made was Georges Clemenceau, the premier of France. He wanted to detach the Rhineland, and wanted to post that in the treaty, but the president of the United States at that time, Woodrow Wilson, knew what he was up to. He knew that the premier has been looking for a way to annex Saar Basin from Germany from in which rich resource would be taken from (bbc.co.uk). The one and probably the only one positive result from WWI, was the beginning of the League of Nations, formed and organized by Woodrow Wilson, of the United States. Woodrow formed this organization which supported a way for nations and leaders throughout the world, to come together and talk instead of fight. It was a way to prevent war, basically. Woodrow Wilson invited all countries to join the league instead of use arms. Unfortunately many did not join and the idea thus became weak, just like the organization (learn.co.uk). In fact the person who created it, Woodrow Wilson withdrew from his own organization. This was after some of the other leaders wanted the organization to be restricted and not welcome Germany or other weak countries. These leaders liked Woodrows idea, except they wanted it to be an exclusive organization, and did not have the same idea as Woodrow did on this. So without the U.S. or Russia, the organization became weak, until of course W.W.II, where it was brought back up again. The League of Nations was and still is today, one of mankinds attempts to find a means of abolishing war, and maintaining peace for as long as possible (learn.co.uk). The League of Nations was a way for leaders all around the world to talk about the problem at hand, instead to quickly take arms, and cause violence. Thus this is one of mankinds attempts to maintain peace and avoid violence throughout the world. This peace treaty was acclaimed as the single official document that had the most influence on shaping the events (Vaughan, 3). The events that Vaughan was talking about, was of course WWII, and the treaty was famous, or acclaimed for causing or shaping the next war. Somewhere between the first major war, and twenty years after that, the next major war, the treaty took affect. People, mostly the Germans felt betrayed and vengeful, because of the presented treaty. In those twenty years, the treaty of Versailles was ignored and not in any way enforced by anyone. The treaty basically did not have any positive value and instead only had negative affects. For example, it made all German citizens angry, and lead up to dictatorship, or Hitler. Therefore many say that the treaty caused more harm than good, if any good at all (abid). The treaty statements would have been harsh and difficult for anyone, not just Germany, to handle. The treaty was composed of exactly 440 articles, maps, and illustrations which all commanded or told Germany what to do and what to give up (lib.byu). The list of the changes was long and harsh. The Big Four were busy making changes and playing with Germanys eastern borders, such as Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Rumania, Hungary, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Finland, Estonia, and the Rhineland (Mayer, 3365). All of these were either taken away from Germany, or were affected in some way by the terms of the treaty, as stated in Articles 27-30. The four leaders did not just want reparations, which were high enough, but even wanted to punish their enemies by taking away their land. Some countries were annexed away completely, and others were taken away from only in some parts, and all of the annexed areas were distributed among the countries that won. Ports, waterways, and even railways, all of which were German property, in the beginning, were now divided equally (Mayer, 3365). Also, the treaty talks about reducing Germanys military, naval and Germanys air-force (Articles 159 through 213), but of course since the treaty was never enforced, Hitler, who comes into play much later, does not even pay much attention to these rules (momo.essortment). On September 14, 1930, the new Nazi party was elected, and whenever Hitler, the ruler or dictator of the party, broke a rule stated in the treaty, the Germany people liked Hitler even more, because they despised the treaty. So thus everyone encouraged Hitler to build up his army, airplanes, and submarines (momo.essortment). How did Hitler come into power, and cause the deaths of billions around the world, ask historians. Or more important, how did this the treaty of Versailles affect Hitler or make him popular with the people? Well, the money was a big problem. The leaders made Germany deeply into debt, with their high-reparation fees. This of course would lead Germanys economy to  be dangerously low (Cecil, 20). The German money value decreased and the affect of that made many go into poverty. Many were asking why pay so much, even if their country did not start the war. Many lost jobs or committed suicides even, because problems were so bad (abid). So that is why the people hated the treaty of Versailles so much, especially since the treaty told them that money was not enough, and Germany had to give away their land, for free. This treaty caused not only bitterness at first, but made Europe grow a continued tension [that lasted] for the next two decades (Vaughan, 2) The treaty caused these tensions which builded and grew larger in the people, which resulted in a huge war, WWII. The people grew hatred, and did not know who to blame for all of this. Their hatred and anger turned on their government, which currently was the Weimar Republic (bbc. co.uk). During the time period of 1919 and 1923, the uprisings and trouble grew larger. Many revolutions and protests happened in the streets, all against their government. Groups like the communists, and others, like the right-wing nationalists tried to take advantage of this opportunity, by trying to overthrow the government and rule it for themselves [Everyone] blamed the government for accepting the treaty and tried to overthrow [them] (bbc.co.uk). The people or citizens did not know who to blame for the punishment that was put on them for no reason, so the people turned on their own government, and blamed them. At this time, where these uprisings were happening, a person by the name of Adolf Hitler was currently working as a spy at several anti-Semitic groups, in 1919. After fighting in WWI and suffering from poison gas, he was looking for some extra money and a temporary job from the German army, so he went and spied on these groups. Only two years later though, in 1921, his interest grew; he joined the party and soon became their leader (bbc.co.uk). As leader, Hitler tried to get as many people to join his party, as possible. He did things like change the name of the party, which included words like socialists, and nationalists so that the name would attract more people. Also he spoke to mass-audiences, and made speeches on how he would revive Germanys respect, and rule Germanys empire for more than 1,000  years (abid). Eventually, he got elected into power with the help of a friend, Paul von Hindenburg. But after he died, Hitler took the chance and became the new consensus successor or dictator. He had obtained full control over the country. After taking care of some business and eliminating those who opposed him (other parties and government institutions), he put Mein Kampf, his first plan, into full affect. This plan, was world domination and Hitler outlined this to his army generals, on November, 1937 (remember). Hitler did not just want to conquer more lands or get back the land stolen from them, but from his anti-Semitic values that he learned while working as a spy, he created dozens of death camps wherever his empire expanded to. Millions of people send to these death traps to die, and the only reason that they were sent to die was because they were considered inferior. Inferior, meaning a different religion, race, etc. (remember). Jews, homosexuals, and even the mentally handicapped were all targeted, considered to be inferior in the eyes of the racist Nazis, were all killed because of who they were, and for no other reason than that(abid). So in conclusion, did the so called peace treaty help in maintaining peace or bringing about conditions that helped Adolph Hitler rise to power to get revenge. German citizens thought that that all the stuff that Hitler was doing such as expanding Germany and killing millions was just or right; was just a common reaction from the many harsh laws inside the treaty. The people never thought that Hitler was too out of line, because they might have been too vengeful themselves or didnt have anything else on their mind, except hatred. Of course, not until the end of WWII, did everyone find the death camps, and what Hitler was really doing behind their backs. Adolph Hitler opposed the treaty while he was in power, and was supported by the Germans for so long, because of that, say historians (remember). For instance, every time he broke a law from the treaty, such as increasing his army, or expanding his borders, he would became more popular with his own people. Hitler played a significant role in causing World War II, less than twenty years later the terms of the treaty were written (abid). The person who wrote this quote told an obvious fact, Hitler did not jut play a significant role in the war, he basically caused the entire war himself. The  treaty of Versailles had ended WWI, in which millions of people, mostly young, fought and died in the belief that they were defending their homelands, their families, and their people, would soon cause another deadly war, this war even more deadlier than before. Millions of young lives and fellow citizens believed in slogans that yelled to them. Loud slogans on posters and bulletins yelled and predicted WWI to be, the war to end all wars, or the war to make the world safe for democracy (nv.cc.va.us). WWI was named these two things at the time, probably to enlist more and more people, but which of course both did not come true. WWI was not the war to end all wars, nor was it, the war that made it s afe for democracy.

Stem Cell Research is Illegal, Immoral and Unnecessary Essay -- Argume

Stem Cell Research is Illegal, Immoral and Unnecessary    President Bush's limited federal funding of research relying on the destruction of human embryos violates federal statutory law. Christians have grieved for many years over the assault on unborn human life set loose upon our nation by the Supreme Court's Roe v. Wade decision. Even that decision, however, did not affect all areas of law where lawmakers seek to protect developing human life. Because they are not covered by the Court's theory of reproductive privacy, human embryos outside the womb may be fully protected by law - and at least nine states have acted to protect these embryos from lethal experiments. In some states, destructive experimentation on human embryos is a felony. Most Christians have grave concerns on this critically important issue of embryonic stem cell research. In our view, conducting research that relies on deliberate destruction of human embryos for their stem cells is illegal, immoral and unnecessary. It is illegal because it violates an appropriations rider (the Dickey amendment) passed every year since 1995 by Congress. That provision forbids funding "research in which" human embryos (whether initially created for research purposes or not) are harmed or destroyed outside the womb.(1) National Institutes of Health guidelines approved by the Clinton Administration nonetheless give researchers detailed instructions on how to obtain human embryos for destructive cell harvesting, if they wish to qualify for federal grants in "human pluripotent stem cell research."(2) Clearly, obtaining and destroying embryos is an integral part of this project, even if the specific act of destroying embryos does not directly receive federal funds. By i... ...uman Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)-X1 Disease," 288 Science 669-72 (28 April 2000). 16. K. Foss, "Paraplegic regains movement after cell procedure," The Globe and Mail (Toronto), June 15, 2001 at A1. 17. E. Ryan et al., "Glycemic Outcome Post Islet Transplantation," Abstract #33-LB, Annual Meeting of the American Diabetes Association, June 24, 2001. See: http://38.204.37.95/am01/AnnualMeeting/Abstracts/NumberResults.asp?idAbs=33-LB. 18. M. McCullough, "Islet transplants offer hope that diabetes can be cured," Philadelphia Inquirer, June 22, 2001 at A1. 19. D. Woodbury et al., "Adult Rat and Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Differentiate Into Neurons," 61 J. of Neuroscience Research 364-70 (2000) at 364 (emphasis added). 20. D. Prockop, "Stem Cell Research Has Only Just Begun" (Letter), 293 Science 211-2 (13 July 2001)(citations omitted).

City of Bones Essay

The novel City Of Bones by Cassandra Clare follows the main character 15 year-old Clary Fray in her journey to find her missing mother. Clare takes the typical Fairy Tail and turns it upside down. The main ideas that stick out to me in this film is Love, Jealousy and prejudice. An important idea for me in the novel City Of Bones is the idea of love. In the book Clary falls the handsome Shadowhunter (half angel, half human) Jace Wayland. In the middle of all the chaos and fight they find time to fall for each other and form a powerful bond. I found it interesting how Clare wrote about love. She perceived it to be very powerful and absolute. Which i don’t disagree with, but for teenagers its very different. When she wrote of their love with such power it confused me, it also made the writing more captivating as the story unraveled and left me wanting to know what happened next. This idea made me think of societies view on young love, how society thinks young relationships don’t last and aren’t serious. It also challenged my view on the subject and made me think that it’s possible to find the one you love when you are young. â€Å"The most terrible things men do, they do in the name of love. – I think this quote shows the power that love has in this novel. I found the idea of love important because it is a clear motivator throughout the novel. An aspect I found intriguing in this novel was the requiring theme of jealously. As Clary and Jace are falling for each other Clary’s childhood best friend, Simon, gets extremely jealous. â€Å"I was trying to make you jealous! † Simon screamed at one point when he couldn’t hold it in any longer. â€Å"You’re so stupid, Clary. You’re so stupid, can’t you see anything? † Clary is oblivious to Simon’s feeling towards her. This theme made me reconsider famous love stories that also had themes of jealously, for example Elizabeth Bennett and Mr Darcy in Pride and Prejudice, Darcy was jealous of Mr Wickham. Also in Jane Eyre where Jane was Jealous of Rochester’s wife. It made me think of the writing and how jealously contributes to the love in the story. I found this requiring theme intriguing because it showed the unrequited love between Clary and Simon which I found really contributed to the novel and gave it that extra plot twist. Another aspect in the novel that I found important was the idea of prejudice. In the novel prejudice is shown against Downworlders (half demon, half human for example vampires, werewolves, warlocks etc), women and gay people. The Shadowhunters see Downworlders as scum because they are half demon, which are their natural enemy, but not all of them are bad. Prejudice is seen against women because it was only recently that women were aloud to fight against demons and even now they are seen not to be as good as the men. Being gay in the shadow world is also frowned because Shadowhunters are very proud of family and the family name so being gay won’t carry on the bloodline. So they’re good enough to let live, good enough to make your food for you, good enough to flirt with—but not really good enough? I mean, not as good as people? † – This quote is referring to Downworlders and how they are only good for somethings. I think this idea links to our society today and also parts in history because women use to not be aloud to vote and were seen as housewives just like in City of Bones. Also in the novel Downworlders are kind of treated like coloured people were in the early 18-century, expect not to the extend that the coloured people were treated. The idea of prejudice against gay people links to our society because our society is prejudice against gays. I found this idea important because it helped me see the links between the novel and real-life situations. The novel City of Bones by Cassandra Clare challenged my thinking about love, jealously and prejudice and helped me understand more about them and how they like to other novels and our society. I would definitely recommend this novel to other people so they can enjoy it as much as i did.

Becton Dickerson

In your judgment, did Becton Dickinson have an obligation to provide the safety syringe in all its sizes in 1991? Explain your position, using the materials from this chapter and the principles of utilitarianism, rights, justice, and caring Becton Dickerson is one of the largest manufacturers of medical supplies,dominates the market in disposable syringes and needles. In 1986, BectonDickinson had acquired exclusive rights to a patent for a new syringe invented byCharles B. Mothball that had a moveable protective sleeve around it. The plastictube around the syringe could slide  down to rarely cover the needle. 992, a nurse, Maryann Rockwood, used a Becton Dickinson 5 cc syringeand needle to drew blood from a patient know to be infected with AIDS. Ms. Rockwood Worked in a clinic that served AIDS patients, and she drew blood from their patients several times a day. After drawing the blood on this particular day,she transferred the AIDS contaminated blood to a retile test tube called a restrainertube by sticking the needle through the rubber stopper of the lest tube, which shewas bolding with her other hand. She accidentally pricked her finger with thecontaminated needle. She is now HIV positive.For removing this problem, on December 23. 1996, the U. S patent officeissued patent number 4,631,05y to Charles B Mitchell for a syringe with a tubesurrounding the body of the syringe that  could be pulled down to cover and  protectthe needle on the syringe. As Mitchell noted in  his patent application, those devicesall suffered from serious drawbacks. One of them would not lock the protectivecover over the exposed needle, one was extremely complex, another much longerthan a standard syringe and  difficult to use, and a fourth was designed primarily foruse on animals.So, it can be said that Becton Dickinson has not an obligation to provide thesafety syringe in all its sizes. The company decided to market only a 3 cc versionof the protective sleeve. For 5 years, B ecton Dickinson manufactured only 3 ccsafety syringes. Utilitarianism, rights, Justice and caring: The principle of Latinityrequires that wherever we have a choice between a  native actions or social policies,we must choose the one that has the best overall consequence for everyoneconcerned. Denton Dickinson had at least four other patents for needle-shieldingdevices.There included ICC, 3 cc, 5cc, and to cc syringe. However, the companydecided to market only a 3 cc version of the protective sleeve. The a cc syringes account for about help of all syringe used, although the larger size 5 cc and 10 ccstringer-are preferred by nurse when  drawing blood. Should manufacturers be held liable for failing to market all the products for which they hold exclusive patents when someone’s injury would have been avoided if they had marketed those products? Explain your answer. Yes, they should be. It is their legal and moral obligation to do so.

Free Essays on The Brazilian Coffee Industry

The Brazilian Coffee Industry Coffee beverage, a widely consumed beverage around the world, is derived from processed coffee beans (green beans). While the cultivation of coffee trees and production of coffee beans is spread among sixty countries worldwide, there is an increasingly smaller number of buyers and roasters of green coffee. Brazil and Colombia are the largest coffee producing countries, while over 70% of all coffee contracts are traded in Switzerland. The production of coffee beans is a labor intense industry since it requires handpicking of ripe beans. The production of coffee is also highly correlated to weather conditions, since the coffee tree is sensitive to low temperatures. Therefore, annual production of coffee is unpredictable until the end of the harvest season. There are currently six intermediaries in the distribution channel between the farmer and the end consumer. In the last decade there has been a trend toward consolidation and globalization, and it is expected that during this decade the number of intermediaries will decline to just three. The coffee industry is becoming more competitive as bigger players (roasters and manufacturers) are attempting to have predictable margins and stable coffee prices. On the other hand, there is a trend toward consolidation on the production side of the equation; this trend is still very slow but widely expected by analysts of the coffee industry. Besides a trend toward initiating bigger coffee plantations, there is also an obvious preference toward more technologically advanced forms of coffee culture over the traditional means. This is clear by efforts of the Colombian Institute of Coffee to utilize genetically engineered coffee plants and the initiation of large coffee plantations with state-of-the-art irrigation and support means in the state of Bahia in Brazil. Brazil is world's biggest producer of green coffee beans with approximate market share of 30%. Dependin... Free Essays on The Brazilian Coffee Industry Free Essays on The Brazilian Coffee Industry The Brazilian Coffee Industry Coffee beverage, a widely consumed beverage around the world, is derived from processed coffee beans (green beans). While the cultivation of coffee trees and production of coffee beans is spread among sixty countries worldwide, there is an increasingly smaller number of buyers and roasters of green coffee. Brazil and Colombia are the largest coffee producing countries, while over 70% of all coffee contracts are traded in Switzerland. The production of coffee beans is a labor intense industry since it requires handpicking of ripe beans. The production of coffee is also highly correlated to weather conditions, since the coffee tree is sensitive to low temperatures. Therefore, annual production of coffee is unpredictable until the end of the harvest season. There are currently six intermediaries in the distribution channel between the farmer and the end consumer. In the last decade there has been a trend toward consolidation and globalization, and it is expected that during this decade the number of intermediaries will decline to just three. The coffee industry is becoming more competitive as bigger players (roasters and manufacturers) are attempting to have predictable margins and stable coffee prices. On the other hand, there is a trend toward consolidation on the production side of the equation; this trend is still very slow but widely expected by analysts of the coffee industry. Besides a trend toward initiating bigger coffee plantations, there is also an obvious preference toward more technologically advanced forms of coffee culture over the traditional means. This is clear by efforts of the Colombian Institute of Coffee to utilize genetically engineered coffee plants and the initiation of large coffee plantations with state-of-the-art irrigation and support means in the state of Bahia in Brazil. Brazil is world's biggest producer of green coffee beans with approximate market share of 30%. Dependin...

The Challenges and Opportunities Facing HBCUs

The Challenges and Opportunities Facing HBCUs Historically black colleges and universities, or HBCUs, encompass a wide range of institutions of higher learning. There are currently 101 HBCUs in the United States, and they range from two-year community colleges to research universities that grant doctoral degrees. Most of the schools were founded shortly after the Civil War in an effort to provide African Americans access to higher education. What Is a Historically Black College or University? HBCUs exist because of the United States history of exclusion, segregation, and racism. With the end of slavery following the Civil War, African American citizens faced numerous challenges gaining access to higher education. Financial barriers and admissions policies made attendance at many colleges and universities nearly impossible for the majority of African Americans. As a result, both federal legislation and the efforts of church organizations worked to create institutions of higher learning that would provide access to African American students. The great majority of HBCUs were founded between the end of the Civil War in 1865 and the end of the 19th century. That said, Lincoln University (1854) and Cheyney University (1837), both in Pennsylvania, were established well before the end of slavery. Other HBCUs such as Norfolk State University (1935) and Xavier University of Louisiana (1915) were founded in the 20th century. The colleges and universities are called historically black because ever since the Civil Rights movement in the 1960s, HBCUs have been open to all applicants and have worked to diversify their student bodies. While many HBCUs still have predominantly black student populations, others do not. For example, Bluefield State College is 86% white and just 8% black. Kentucky State Universitys student population is roughly half African American.  However, it is more common for an HBCU to have a student body that is well over 90% black. Examples of Historically Black Colleges and Universities HBCUs are as diverse as the students who attend them. Some are public while others are private. Some are small liberal arts colleges while others are large research universities. Some are secular, and some are affiliated with a church. Youll find HBCUs that have a majority white student population while most have large African American enrollments. Some HBCUs offer doctoral programs, while some are two-year schools offering associate degrees. Below are a few examples that capture the range of HBCUs: Simmons College of Kentucky is a tiny college of just 203 students with ties to the American Baptist Church. The student population is 100% African American.North Carolina AT is a relatively large public university with over 11,000 students. Along with robust bachelor degree programs ranging from the arts to engineering, the school also has numerous masters and doctoral programs.Lawson State Community College in Birmingham, Alabama, is a two-year community college offering certificate programs and associate degrees in areas such as engineering technology, health professions, and business.Xavier University of Louisiana  is a private Roman Catholic university with 3,000 students enrolled in bachelor, masters and doctoral programs.Tougaloo College in Mississippi is a private liberal arts college of 860 students. The college is affiliated with the United Church of Christ, although it describes itself as church-related but not church controlled. Challenges Facing Historically Black Colleges and Universities As a result of  affirmative action, civil rights legislation, and changing attitudes towards race, colleges, and universities across the United States are actively working to enroll qualified African American students. This access to educational opportunities across the country is obviously a good thing, but it has had consequences for HBCUs. Even though there are over 100 HBCUs in the country, less than 10% of all African American college students actually attend an HBCU. Some HBCUs are struggling to enroll enough students, and roughly 20 colleges have closed in the last 80 years. More are likely to close in the future because of enrollment declines and fiscal crises. Many HBCUs also face challenges with retention and persistence. The mission of many HBCUs- to provide access to higher education to populations that have historically been  underrepresented  and disadvantaged- creates its own hurdles. While it is clearly worthwhile and admirable to provide opportunities for students, the results can be discouraging when a significant percentage of matriculated students are ill-prepared to succeed in college-level coursework. Texas Southern University, for example, has just a 6% four-year graduation rate, Southern University in New Orleans has a 5% rate, and numbers in the low teens and single digits are not unusual. The Best HCBUs While the challenges facing many HCBUs are significant, some schools are flourishing. Spelman College  (a womens college) and Howard University tend to top the national rankings of HCBUs. Spelman, in fact, has the highest graduation rate of any Historically Black College, and it also tends to win high marks for social mobility. Howard is a prestigious research university that grants hundreds of doctoral degrees every year. Other notable Historically Black Colleges and Universities include Morehouse College (a mens college), Hampton University, Florida AM, Claflin University, and Tuskegee University. Youll find impressive academic programs and rich co-curricular opportunities at these schools, and youll also find that the overall value tends to be high.