Effectiveness of Cloud Seeding Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Viability of Cloud Seeding - Research Paper Example Notwithstanding the expanding application, there are questions that have been raised identifying with the innovation and its down to earth utilizes, particularly as to its viability. The point of this paper is to address such inquiries by examining the viability of cloud seeding. Utilization of Cloud Seeding In China, during the period going before the Olympics celebrations, cloud seeding was utilized to cause downpour and day off. This innovation was explicitly applied in Northern China and was fruitful to the degree that in snowed without precedent for Hebei, around Beijing (Moseman, 2009). The Chinese capital had not seen any precipitation before this from the past October. The precipitation framed because of cloud seeding was noteworthy and caused in any event the conclusion of 12 region roadways in or close to Beijing. Cloud seeding for this situation spared China from the aches of the most exceedingly awful dry spell in the country’s history over the most recent couple o f decades. The seeding of mists by the Chinese government to cause the blizzard included the utilization of more than 40 sticks of silver iodide, each the size of a cigarette stick Beijing (Moseman, 2009). ... Along these lines, they will never again be disseminated everywhere throughout the environment as small beads yet pull together into not many large beads. Haze evacuation is significant particularly where high perceivability is principal, for example, in air terminals. Studies have shown the significant level of viability of cloud seeding in expelling haze and mists from influenced regions (Ryan and King, 1997). The innovation is viable in a couple of square miles and frequently very quickly. Lightning concealment has a high monetary incentive to the two people and nature. Helping can cause demise and now and again prompts the start of woodland fires. At the point when clouds are seeded with small aluminum filaments, they will in general scatter a portion of their electrical charges in the cloud. Next to no examination has been directed on the viability of this technique in regard of lightning concealment. Be that as it may, the little exploration directed so far have given promising outcomes (Ryan and King, 1997). Cloud seeding and downpour creation Rain is a significant factor in the creation of plant crops and during the raising of creatures. This is on the grounds that downpour is, as a rule, the fundamental wellspring of water in numerous zones. Indeed, even without thinking about farming profitability, downpour is valuable in that it helps in the guideline of temperatures and in containing dust and improving dampness. Truth be told, in desert zones, for example, the California's Mojave Desert, it is an uncommon asset, its value a long ways incomprehensible. Basically, cloud seeding has been applied in numerous purviews as a water the board procedure, as a rule the innovation being applied with a point of causing precipitation. This is finished by dispersing synthetic substances in the mists, one basic substance utilized in this regard being dry ice. The viability of cloud

Israeli palestinian conflict Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Israeli palestinian clash - Term Paper Example The pace of advancement is quick which is likewise testing Americans. They have not had the option to determine numerous questions including the Israel and Palestinian clash. They don't have a clue how to adapt to it. Another position by the American government is of changing loyalties that has made question among the Middle Eastern nations. Different conditions in the past reflect it. Other than helping the nations in advancing their neighborhood arrangement for harmony, America utilizes power to keep up. This consequently welcomes insubordination. The wars done by America particularly in Afghanistan was expensive. It impacts their economy as well as around the world. The American open even doesn't adjust its inclinations to the legislature. They have an isolated sentiment and this makes it hard for the legislature to choose. About the height and perspective on America from the world, they anticipate that it should go about as a super force. Issues inside America as shutdown of gove rnment posts and workplaces are disturbing for Americans as well as for the whole world. Such things are a hit to the glory of the American arrangements for even their own kin. The world economy consequently is affected by it. The partners of American need to reexamine the amount they can confide in putting resources into organizations in America. On the off chance that the military capacities for what it's worth while government occupations are laid off, the individuals will open their eyes and acknowledge where the planning is placed in to. The arrangements set by the American government were regarded tobe perfect for a discretionary nation yet the emergencies inside America has prompted delay from different nations in receiving such approaches. Their recently presented social insurance program is faulty also. By permitting Russia to furnish a center line while managing Syria has caused the world to accept that American isn't the main worldwide leader yet Russia additionally exist s other than the super force. A study was directed on the perspectives on America from around the globe. The outcomes show that Middle East and south Asia have the most negative perspectives on America [1]. In this article I will concentrate on Israel and Palestine strife. Key Issues: The key issues in the Israel-Palestinian clash incorporate Jerusalem as the primary bone of conflict. The two of them guarantee to possess it. The two sides have a profound regard for it dependent on their strict convictions. The contention of this district is that Israelis are of the view that they ought to keep up their command over it. Palestinians accept that they ought to have the command over Jerusalem as they had with respect to it before 1967. Israel proclaiming the contested area as its capital in its law is upsetting for the Arab countries as it was obtained with wars and its possession isn't yet settled. The two countries appear to have worries over rehearsing religion in the territories adm inistered by the other country. There have been episodes in the past in which individuals have been restricted from visiting their heavenly places and rehearsing their religion. Different issues between the two countries I of the Palestinian displaced people. They fled to spare their lives in 1967. Subsequently they were not given any nationality. Significantly following 30 years of war, these individuals are compelled to live in evacuee camps. A significant number of them are currently brought into the world outside Israel yet they ought to reserve a privilege to come back to their country. Israel rejects this privilege and pronounces that other Arab countries should give them nationalities that have gone about as their host nations. They additionally deny removing these individuals from

Musical Theatre Essay -- essays research papers

Young lady Crazy (#14)      The melodic â€Å"Girl Crazy† was about a kid named Danny Churchill who lived in New York. His father was stressed over his way with ladies so he sent him to Custerville, AZ to get him away from them. Danny was to live on the family fella farm called â€Å"The Buzzards.†      On his approach to AZ, Danny rode in a taxi. The driver’s name was Gieber Goldfarb. He was known for his exceptionally terrible Yiddish jokes. He in the end began to look all starry eyed at a lady named Patsy West, who was likewise a nosey phone administrator.      After Danny gets to Custerville, he meets the post-young lady named Molly Gray. He was infatuated with her, in spite of the fact that he had quite recently left his former sweetheart in New York. Her name was Tess Hardy. Danny had taken Tess away from her former beau; his name was Sam Mason. Sam was furious about this, so when he knew about Danny’s whereabouts, he came to take Molly from him. It worked for a brief period, until Molly acknowledged she ought to be with Danny.      There were likewise two individuals named Slick and Kate Fothergill. Smooth dealt with the betting room at â€Å"The Buzzards† that Danny opened to make the spot to some degree a gathering house. Kate was a dance club vocalist that sang in Danny’s club.      There were two others in the story that made it intriguing and diverting. Their names were Lank and Pete. They were the town scalawags and nearby hooligans. Toward the end, these young men end up in prison. Holly Conant Of Thee I Sing (#16)      In the melodic â€Å"Of Thee I Sing,† there were numerous characters. The lead was likely John P. Wintergreen. It is an account of Wintergreen running for president and all the setbacks he had with ladies. There were a couple of individuals on his political council. Their names were Louis Lippman, Francis X. Gilhooley, Sen. Robert Lyons, Sen. Carver Jones, and Matthew Arnold Fulton, the administrator of the board of trustees. Alexander Throttlebottom was the VP.      The story was about a national delight challenge and the victor got the opportunity to be the main woman. Not long before the champ was reported, John met a young lady named Mary Turner. Mary was the secretary for the excellence challenge. The two promptly experienced passionate feelings for.      The victor of the challenge was Diana Devereaux. After the champ was declared, ... ...II, Scene IV, there is a great deal of supplication and singing, attempting to overwhelm the sound of the breeze and tempest. Clara is extremely terrified for Jake. The entirety of the unexpected, they hear a thump at the entryway and it’s Crown. Bess and Porgy had thought he had kicked the bucket in the tempest. He come in and begins criticizing God. He reveals to Bess that she will be with him until the end of time.      Bess sees Jakes vessel outside the window. Clara gives her child to Bess and races to Jake. Crown, in the wake of being tested, follows Clara.      This started Act III. It was in the setting of a burial service. It was being held for Jake, Clara, and Crown. Be that as it may, Crown isn’t dead! Porgy knows this and covers up so he can assault him and execute him. He does in the long run, after a long battle.      The criminologists take Porgy (in Scene II) to recognize Crown’s body. While he is gone, Sporting Life offers himself to Bess (just as his medications). At the point when Porgy returns, after seven days, he was rich from playing dice in prison. He searches all over for Bess, just to find that she had taken Sporting Life up on his offer and she’s in New York. Porgy promises that he will discover her†¦and the story closes. Melodic Theater Essay - articles inquire about papers Young lady Crazy (#14)      The melodic â€Å"Girl Crazy† was about a kid named Danny Churchill who lived in New York. His father was stressed over his way with ladies so he sent him to Custerville, AZ to get him away from them. Danny was to live on the family buddy farm called â€Å"The Buzzards.†      On his approach to AZ, Danny rode in a taxi. The driver’s name was Gieber Goldfarb. He was known for his exceptionally terrible Yiddish jokes. He in the end became hopelessly enamored with a lady named Patsy West, who was additionally a nosey phone administrator.      After Danny gets to Custerville, he meets the post-young lady named Molly Gray. He was enamored with her, in spite of the fact that he had quite recently left his former sweetheart in New York. Her name was Tess Hardy. Danny had taken Tess away from her former sweetheart; his name was Sam Mason. Sam was angry with this, so when he knew about Danny’s whereabouts, he came to take Molly from him. It worked for a brief period, until Molly acknowledged she ought to be with Danny.      There were likewise two individuals named Slick and Kate Fothergill. Smooth dealt with the betting room at â€Å"The Buzzards† that Danny opened to make the spot fairly a gathering house. Kate was a dance club vocalist that sang in Danny’s club.      There were two others in the story that made it fascinating and hilarious. Their names were Lank and Pete. They were the town scoundrels and neighborhood hooligans. Toward the end, these young men end up in prison. Holly Conant Of Thee I Sing (#16)      In the melodic â€Å"Of Thee I Sing,† there were numerous characters. The lead was most likely John P. Wintergreen. It is an account of Wintergreen running for president and all the setbacks he had with ladies. There were a couple of individuals on his political board of trustees. Their names were Louis Lippman, Francis X. Gilhooley, Sen. Robert Lyons, Sen. Carver Jones, and Matthew Arnold Fulton, the administrator of the council. Alexander Throttlebottom was the VP.      The story was about a national wonder challenge and the victor got the opportunity to be the principal woman. Not long before the champ was reported, John met a young lady named Mary Turner. Mary was the secretary for the magnificence challenge. The two promptly became hopelessly enamored.      The champ of the challenge was Diana Devereaux. After the champ was declared, ... ...II, Scene IV, there is a ton of supplication and singing, attempting to muffle the sound of the breeze and tempest. Clara is frightened for Jake. The entirety of the abrupt, they hear a thump at the entryway and it’s Crown. Bess and Porgy had thought he had kicked the bucket in the tempest. He come in and begins tearing down God. He discloses to Bess that she will be with him until the end of time.      Bess sees Jakes vessel outside the window. Clara gives her child to Bess and races to Jake. Crown, in the wake of being tested, follows Clara.      This started Act III. It was in the setting of a burial service. It was being held for Jake, Clara, and Crown. Be that as it may, Crown isn’t dead! Porgy knows this and stows away so he can assault him and murder him. He does in the long run, after a long battle.      The criminologists take Porgy (in Scene II) to recognize Crown’s body. While he is gone, Sporting Life offers himself to Bess (just as his medications). At the point when Porgy returns, after seven days, he was rich from playing dice in prison. He searches all over for Bess, just to find that she had taken Sporting Life up on his offer and she’s in New York. Porgy promises that he will discover her†¦and the story closes.

Found To Develop Around Regions Of Armpits â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Examine About The Found To Develop Around Regions Of Armpits? Answer: Introducation Acanthosis Nigricans is characterized as a turmoil of the skin portrayed by hyperpigmentation (obscuring) and hyperkeratosis (thickening) in specific zones of the body. Generally it is found to create around districts of armpits, crotches and neck. Regularly it is confused by patients as decolouration of the skin, which in the end won't escape considerably after fiery scouring. In the past the condition was generally connected with interior danger and other hereditary issue. Ongoing investigations have indicated that in spite of the fact that Acanthosis Nigricans isn't in itself an ailment however is a strong biomarker of less incapacitating issue like weight and insulin opposition. Acanthosis Nigricans is a solid marker of hyperinsulinemia in stout patients and the seriousness of the condition to a great extent relies upon the greatness of hyperinsulinemia and heftiness (Sinha Schwartz, 2007). Hyperinsulinemia prompting this condition is believed to be caused for the most part becau se of receptor and post-receptor deserts in the patient. Despite the fact that the specific frequency of the illness is as yet obscure it has been firmly connected with heftiness and significantly less connected with danger. The most continuous relationship with harm was seen as with gastrointestinal tract disease and gastric malignant growths. Studies report that Acanthosis Nigricans is substantially more typical in individuals with brown complexion pigmentation demonstrating an away from of its relationship with race or ethnicity (Puri, 2011). In any case, the distinction in rate because of racial cosmetics can't be credited exclusively to coordinate causal factors, for example, heftiness or diabetes, a yet to be found hereditary inclination might be assuming a significant job for such disparities. It has been demonstrated that the condition is common in pretty much equivalent extent in the two people and subsequently has no sex forecast. Age is additionally not a huge determinant of the condition as it might happen to happen at any age. Be that as it may, threat related Acanthosis generally happens in old. Neck is the most widely recognized area of the body that is influenced by the condition; other usually influenced areas incorporate lips, eyelids, mucosal surfaces and flexural districts of crotch, knees and elbows (Miller Rapini, 2011). Normally Acanthosis Nigricans is a suggestive, be that as it may, persistent regularly report unsavory sensation over the influenced locale making a urge scratch. Pathophysiology In Acanthosis Nigricans the epidermal keratinocytes are animated and the fibroblasts on the dermal layer multiply more than expected coming about in hyperpigmented plaques for the most part in the intertriginous surfaces of the neck. Variables that influence such multiplication and incitement may directly affect the seriousness of the condition. The specific fundamental cell pathogenesis of Acanthosis is yet to be found, be that as it may, it has been hypothesized that the whole pathogenesis is identified with endocrine or tumor delivering development factors that follow up on the insulin like receptors situated on the epidermal cells of the skin (Krawczyk, Myka?aCie?la Ko?odziejJasku?a, 2009). Epidermal development factors and changing development factors, fibroblast development factors assume a vital job in Acanthosis identified with tumor, affecting epidermal cell proliferation. Changing development factor alpha and epidermal development factor both are found in high fixation in g astric adenocarcinoma cells and at the same time epidermal development factor receptors are communicated in Acanthosis influenced skin cells (Kong et al., 2007). Then again heftiness related Acanthosis includes the activity of insulin like development factors and the hormone insulin itself on their separate receptors on the objective cells. It is most generally connected with insulin obstruction issue, for example, type 2 diabetes, stoutness and polycystic ovary disorder. Further, corpulence and diabetes are regularly comorbid conditions and hyperinsulinemia causes the high liking receptors, Insulin-like development factors-1 receptors to be actuated both by insulin and insulin-like development factor-1 (Wang et al., 2013). This outcomes in higher cell development and expansion. Certain elements demonstrate that insulin subordinate actuation of IGF-1 receptors can freely advance the improvement of Acanthosis. Fibroblasts and keratinocyte express the IGF-1 receptors, insulin can cross the dermoepithelial intersection and enact the previously mentioned receptors and in conclusion it has been demonstrated that seriousness of Acanthosis relies le gitimately upon the fasting insulin levels of the patient. Hyperinsulinemia may likewise by implication cause Acanthosis. IGF restricting proteins, which manage the degrees of IGF-1 available for use, are diminished in patients with hyperinsulinemia bringing about expanded groupings of IGF-1, which thus advances cell development and expansion (Phiske, 2014). The post receptor intracellular pathways identified with Acanthosis are probably going to combine sooner or later, in spite of the fact that the specific interrelationship isn't obviously explained at this point. Unfavorable impact of specific drugs that actuate hyperinsulinemia may in a roundabout way advance Acanthosis (Buzsi, Spi Jermendy, 2011). Injuries may withdraw on cessation of medicine or by regulating the ideal measurement. Particular sorts of Acanthosis may create because of autosomal hereditary deformities, indication of which begins at youth and may settle at a grown-up age. In immune system sickness like foundational lupus erythematosus, which is described by creation of antibodies against insulin receptors may in the end bring about the improvement of Acanthosis. Clinical Features: Histology A few physical clinical highlights can be described with Acanthosis Nigricans. The influenced locales are described by even, hyperpigmented, smooth infections. Skin labels are regularly connected with such torment which are known as Acrochordons. (Kapoor, 2010) Lesions are additionally found at times. Mucous layers of various pieces of the body can likewise be influenced by the condition, for example, oral and nasal pit and throat. Injuries of threatening and benevolent Acanthosis are clinically non recognizable and subsequently conclusion is troublesome. The most widely recognized histological element of Acanthosis is hyperkeratosis which is discovered all patients with the condition. Hyperkeratosis is the clinical term that suggests over thickening of the external layer of the skin, layer corneum. In hyperkeratosis the spinous and granular cell layers experience granular and vacuolar degeneration. It is portrayed by away from of variable size around the core of the upper epidermal cells under the magnifying lens. The dim couloration in Acanthosis is because of this hyperkeratosis rather than the brain increment in melanin pigmentation. Invasion of lymphocytes, plasma cells or neutrophils possibly present in specific cases. Horn pseudocysts are likewise discovered which is described by various basaloid epidermal cells reaching out from the epidermis layer to the dermis and may passess spread or intertwining designs. There are an expanded number of keratohyaline granules on the granular cell layer (Hafner Vogt, 2008). Frequently the u pper epidermis is invaded with provocative particles and expanded quantities of mitoses are likewise watched. Keratinocytes might be found to self-destruct because of the absence of keratin fibers that gives solidarity to the keratinocyte cells and bullae arrangement might be seen because of partition of keratinocytes. Papillomatosis is the second most regular histological or minuscule element of Acanthosis. Anomalous keratinocyte differentionation and development are the most huge clinical highlights of papillomatosis. Keratin16 and Keratin 67 articulation are regularly enlarged bringing about expanded change cell layer and expanded lamellar granules in the layer granulosum. Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis is in some cases found with sores. The epidermal hyperplasis can be arranged by the thickening of the epidermis. Level hyperplasia happens when the whole locale experiences moderate thickening, proriasiform happens when epidermal layers are broadened and papillomatous hyperplasia is described by viral moles that venture upwards. Colloidal iron tissue recoloring shows penetration of glycosaminoglycans like hyaluronic corrosive, all the more regularly in patients with gonadal infections. Net Clinical Features As referenced before Acanthosis Nigricans has trademark clinical highlights of dim, coarse and thickened sin with a smooth surface. In the beginning periods of the condition dim earthy colored/dark pigmentation is seen with checked dryness and unpleasantness that is logically thickened. Various little papillomatous rises perhaps found that gives it the smooth surface. As the illness advances the thickening of the skin lines increment and surface becomes mammilated and wrinkled creating warty excrescences (Brickman, Huang, Silverman Metzger, 2010). Albeit other clinical manifestations are missing, patients regularly report sentiment of tingling close by the influenced locales. The leisions of Acanthosis are dispersed evenly and the most widely recognized in back and sides of neck, axillae, crotch and risk cubital and popliteal regions. In kids the most coomon region influenced is neck when contrasted with axillae. Less normal zones that are influenced incorporate outside genetalia, um bilicus, hand joints, internal parts of thighs and furthermore the rear-end. In extreme conditions the sicknesses may spread to phenomenal districts like lips, areola, conjunctive and oral mucous film. There are a few different conditions that have comparative manifestations to those of Acanthosis Nigricans. A methodology of differential conclusions is basic to recognize the related issue to acquire an extensive thought regarding the condition and configuration suitable remedial intercessions. A portion of the related conditions incorporate Epidermal Naevus, Dowling-Degos malady, Confluent and Reticulated

Word of the Week! Soporific Richmond Writing

Word of the Week! Soporific Richmond Writing Here we have a perfect word for late summer, and just today I heard a BBC reporter use it to describe the weather in a small Cuban town. Weather that hot and humid makes one drowsy, which is the nature of anything soporific. This word can also be used to describe the actions of certain drugs. John Locke, in an example from the OED Online, noted the soporifick virtue of opium as early as 1690. With school soon to begin, we might note that our word can describe the effect of a boring anecdote or lecture. The OED catches that usage well with an example from 1727, Hibernian matrons thus of old, Their soporific stories told. So its more than boring. Not everything that bores you makes you drop off.   But in order to keep you awake, Ill end now. Im feeling rather drowsy myself. This blog will continue all summer, so nominate a word by e-mailing me (jessid -at- richmond -dot- edu) or leaving a comment below. See all of our Words of the Week  here. image courtesy of Wikipedia.

How to write a research paper

How to write a research paper One of the harsh realities of higher education is the inevitably of writing research papers. Writing a research paper involves more than just finding as much information about a given topic or issue as possible and then presenting a summary of the research. Research papers require students to rely on scholarly sources, of course, but they must also present this material in a logical and systematic fashion together with their own perspectives, views, ideas and thoughts concerning what they have found. This part of writing a research paper can be the hardest for some students because they are uncertain whether they own views about an issue are sufficiently valid or informed to include them, or they are hesitant to express an opinion for fear of being labeled naà ¯ve or even worse. This reluctance may prevent them from expressing their views or opinions as fully as they would like, and it will invariably diminish the quality of the research paper that results. Provided students are tho ughtful in their analysis, though, and support their views with relevant resources, even â€Å"off-the-wall† views can contribute to the overall originality and quality of a research paper.

Conjugating the French Verb Souffrir (to Suffer)

Souffrir  (to suffer, to endure, to tolerate, to be in pain) is an  irregular French  -ir  verb. Below are simple  conjugations  of the verb  souffrir; the conjugation table does not include compound tenses, which consist of  a form of the auxiliary verb  avoir  with the past participle  souffert. Within irregular  -ir  verb conjugations, there are some  patterns. Two groups exhibit similar characteristics and conjugation patterns. Then there is a final, large category of extremely irregular  -ir  verbs that follow no pattern. Souffrir IS AN IRREGULAR -IR- VERB Soufrir  lies in the second group of irregular  -ir  verbs that display a pattern. The second group of verbs includes verbs like souffrir that all end in -frir  or  -vrir. These verbs, surprisingly,  are all  conjugated like  regular  -er  verbs. Souffrir IS CONJUGATED LIKE VERBS ENDING IN -FRIR AND -VRIR All French verbs that end in  -frir  or  -vrir  are conjugated this way. They include: couvrir   to covercueillir   to pickdà ©couvrir   to discoverentrouvrir to half-openouvrir   to openoffrir   to offerrecouvrir   to recover, conceal  rouvrir   to reopen EXPRESSIONS AND USAGE souffrir  en silence   to suffer in silenceSi tu avais souffert ce que jai souffert  !   If youd suffered as much as I have !,  if you had gone through what I have !Elle ne souffre pas dà ªtre critiquà ©e  /  quon la critique.   She cant stand  /  take criticismTu souffres  ?  Ã‚  Are you in pain ? Does it hurt ?souffrir de   to suffer fromsouffrir des dents   to have trouble with ones teeth  souffrir le martyr   to suffer agoniesSon dos lui fait souffrir le martyre. He has terrible trouble with his back.faire souffrir quelquun   to make someone  suffer  Ã‚  ne pas pouvoir souffrir quelquun to not be able to bear someoneJe ne peux souffrir cette idà ©e.  Ã‚  I cant bear the thoughtIl ne peut pas la souffrir.  Ã‚  He cant bear her.  Ã‚  souffrir  inutilement   to suffer needlessly  souffrir  financià ¨rement   to suffer financially / to be in bad straits financiallyOà ¹ souffrez-vous  ?   Where is the pain ? / Where does it hurt ?Elle a beaucoup souffert lors de son accouchement. She had a very painful delivery.Il est mort sans souffrir.   He felt no pain when he died.souffrir de la faim / soif  Ã‚  to suffer from hunger / thirstsouffrir de la chaleur   to suffer from the heatsouffrir de  (figurative):  Sa renommà ©e a souffert du scandale. His reputation suffered from the scandal.dà »t ton amour-propre en souffrir  Ã‚  even though your pride may sufferLes rà ©coltes nont pas trop souffert. The crops didnt suffer too much  /  werent too badly damaged.Cest le sud du pays qui a le plus souffert.   The southern part of the country was the hit the hardest.se souffrir (pronominal): Ils ne peuvent pas se souffrir. They cant stand  / bear each other. Simple Conjugations of the Irregular French -ir Verb Soufrir Present Future Imperfect Present participle je souffre souffrirai souffrais souffrant tu souffres souffriras souffrais il souffre souffrira souffrait nous souffrons souffrirons souffrions vous souffrez souffrirez souffriez ils souffrent souffriront souffraient Pass compos Auxiliary verb avoir Past participle souffert Subjunctive Conditional Pass simple Imperfect subjunctive je souffre souffrirais souffris souffrisse tu souffres souffrirais souffris souffrisses il souffre souffrirait souffrit souffrt nous souffrions souffririons souffrmes souffrissions vous souffriez souffririez souffrtes souffrissiez ils souffrent souffriraient souffrirent souffrissent Imperative tu souffre nous souffrons vous souffrez

Day after day, late students are punished or end up in...

Day after day, late students are punished or end up in detention due to short passing periods. Having short passing periods can make a student’s grade go down or worse when students are late to class. This can be prevented by extending passing periods to 10 minutes. Although the staff at H.P.M.S may disapprove, but in the long run, they will see the effects of having longer passing periods has on students. Because of the short time of passing periods, students at Happy Place Middle School are petitioning to extend their passing period time to 10 minutes. In short, some of the positive effects are that students can get to class on time, and gives students and teachers time to prepare. In addition to that, when the passing period time is†¦show more content†¦And also, the traffic in the halls often crawls at the SPEED OF MOLASSES. Simply to say, it can make you very late for class. â€Å"Students also go to their class missing their books because they don’t have time to go to the locker to get their materials. This makes it worse for students because they are unable to do work† (Abdelmalek). Furthermore into the topic, the 10 minute passing period lets and/or helps teachers prepare for their next period. A longer passing period would prevent students from asking to go use the bathroom, get a drink, or be late, so teacher(s) have the student’s full concentration, â€Å"If your student doesn’t have to interrupt you to use the restroom or get some water, it is going to be a better learning environment for the rest of the students. Without these interruptions you may continue your lesson and have student’s full concentration, instead of worrying about their personal needs† (Medina). And also in addition to that, teachers will have more time to prepare for their next class compared to 5 minutes, so teachers can get coffee or take a break during the passing period. Therefore, passing periods should be extended to 10 minutes since there are upsides and very few downsides, the upsides: Have more time to get to their classes, students can be spared fr om the worstShow MoreRelatedJuvenile Crime Issues in Today’s Criminal Justice System18893 Words   |  76 PagesIntroductory Text for the 21st Century, Eleventh Edition, by Frank Schmalleger. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright  © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. The Future Comes One Day at a Time o one can truly say what the future holds. Will the supporters of individual rights or the advocates of public order ultimately claim the day? We cannot say for sure. This much is certain, however: Things change. The future system of American criminal justice will not be quite the same system we know today. Many ofRead MoreIndian Polity and Social Issue16628 Words   |  67 Pagesconstitutional amendment. India celebrates the adoption of the constitution on 26 January each year as Republic Day. It is the longest written constitution of any sovereign country in the world, containing 395 articles in 22 parts, 12 schedules and 94 amendments, for a total of 117,369 words in the English language version. Besides the English version, there is an official Hindi translation. After coming into effect, the Constitution replaced the Government of India Act 1935 as the governing document ofRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesPsychological Resiliency 139 Social Resiliency 143 Temporary Stress-Reduction Techniques 144 SKILL ANALYSIS 147 Cases Involving Stress Management 147 The Turn of the Tide 147 The Case of the Missing Time 150 SKILL PRACTICE 155 Exercises for Long-Term and Short-Run Stress Management The Small-Wins Strategy 155 Life-Balance Analysis 156 Deep Relaxation 158 Monitoring and Managing Time 159 SKILL APPLICATION 161 Activities for Managing Stress 161 Suggested Assignments 161 Application Plan and Evaluation 162

Analysis Of Two Bush Speeches - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1528 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/10/31 Category Society Essay Level High school Topics: Gulf War Essay Did you like this example? Presidents play a critical role when influencing the public through the use of rhetoric. Through only words often within a speech a president can have an everlasting impact on society and the public. Rhetoric, and how its used, is arguably one of the most powerful and unique dynamics of a presidency. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Analysis Of Two Bush Speeches" essay for you Create order Presidential rhetoric is so powerful that it can even incite war and rationalize its indispensability. For decades presidents have been using their platform to push their personal political agendas within their rhetoric especially within war rhetoric. So, can presidents incite war through rhetoric solely? I argue, yes, that presidents can make war seem inevitable and incite war through their rhetoric alone. A resounding depiction of this use of rhetoric is found when looking at George H. W. Bushs rhetoric in 1990 1991 in regard to The Gulf War. George H. W. Bush stimulates, through rhetoric, the notion that The Gulf War (also known as Operation Desert Storm) was necessary. Consistent themes are found within presidential speeches that shape war rhetoric. Common themes are demonization of the opposition, human rights concerns, and defeating aggression. All of the themes mentioned are illustrated within Bushs rhetoric preceding and during The Gulf War. To illuminate these rhetorical t hemes and argue the incitation of war by George H. W. Bush I will be analyzing two of his speeches: Address on Iraqs Invasion of Kuwait and Announcing War on Iraq. Literature Review   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   War rhetoric, according to Jamieson and Campbell, means the rhetoric by which presidents seek to justify to Congress and to the citizenry their exercise of war powers. Presidential war rhetoric intends to launch invasions, direct invasions, suffice stationing troops, and sell the war. Its imperative to sell the war so that people will fight it and people will fund it. Presidential power, especially war power, has expanded and increased with every decade in respect to rhetoric. Executive war powers have been broadened over time by their exercise, by congressional complicity, and by Supreme Court sanction (Campbell and Jamieson, 2013). The president can overstep his assumed constitutional powers and rights through the use of rhetoric due to the blurred lines of what the president can and cant do. Rhetoric can subdue what might seem unconstitutional as far as influencing the nation or pushing a personal agenda. War rhetoric is a constant power struggle betwe en the President and Congress mediated by The Supreme Court. Presidential war rhetoric is related to the ongoing struggle between the president and Congress, refereed by the courts, over what the Constitution permits the president to do (Campbell and Jamieson, 2013). Presidential entitlements have been into argument because article 1 of the Constitution reserves to Congress the authority to declare War, . to raise and support Armies, . provide and maintain a Navy, . [and] make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval forces, whereas article 2 defines the president as Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several states, when called into the actual service of the United States. (Campbell and Jamieson, 2013). The democratic solution to war includes 2 steps: 1) President must request or recommend declaration of war; 2) Congress must declare war through resolution, statute, or declaration of war. The argument of the President being able to take advantage of and exploit their power of war is validated through the evidence of only five officially declared wars. According to Campbell and Jamieson, major military actions in Korea, Vietnam, Kuwait, and Iraq have been carried out without declarations of war, and more than one hundred military ventures involving combat troops have been conducted without any form of congressional authorization. The majority of American wars have been enacted without statutory authorization, a resolution of support, or a declaration of war (Campbell and Jamieson, 2013). It is often argued whether or not a presidents call to war is appropriately in the defense of our nation or an overstep of the nations military capabilities. It is often in question if a presidential decision to go to war is a hasty or responsive decision, rather than a well thought out one. The founders hoped that the rhetorical process implied by the Constitution would ensure that a decision to wage war would be arrived at thoughtfully, not rashly or emotionally (Campbell and Jamieson, 2013). While it is often seen that a president is overstepping his congressional duties by inciting war, it is still a frequent occurrence that is provoked through rhetoric. Despite the change from former to subsequent reasoning of military action, Campbell and Jamieson argue that presidential war rhetoric throughout U.S. history manifests five pivotal characteristics: 1) every element in it proclaims that the momentous decision to resort to force is deliberate, the product of thoughtful consideration; 2) forceful intervention is justified through a chronicle or narrative from which argumentative claims are drawn; 3) the audience is exhorted to unanimity of purpose and total commitment; 4) the rhetoric not only justifies the use of force, but also seeks to legitimize presidential assumption of the extraordinary powers of the commander in chief; and, as a function of these other characteristics, 5) strategic misrepresentations play an unusually significant role in its appeals (Campbell and Jamieson, 2013). It is often found that by including these characteristics in their speeches, the President is better able to legitimatize his intentions in the interes t of the constitutional right to defend the nation. Within war rhetoric it is common for the President to greet his rational deliberation (a constitutional obligation) with recommending Congress to declare war or to authorize the introduction of armed forces (Campbell and Jamieson, 2013). This thoughtful deliberation usually is when the President states that he has talked to international leaders, allies, all of the government, etc. before speaking on the matter. Perhaps one of the most prominent and effective characteristics of war rhetoric is the use of narratives. Narratives are typically what allow the media to further the argument of war and influence the public. The use of narratives allows the President to dramatize and simplify the situation at hand so that war seems inevitable. Narratives often explore the idea of how alternatives might be possible but due to the [dramatic] situation or threat at hand an immediate response is undoubtedly necessary. The narrative typically reframes the conflict as aggression by the enemy, according to Jamieson and Campbell, which legitimizes presidential initiatives as actions to defend the nation. This type of narrative results in a call to action to support the decision to wage war. An extended narrative is often seen in war rhetoric, where the President structures the argument of war by exhausting national values to frame the opposition as a threat to the nation and civilization. War rhetoric narratives often characterizes America as innocent and in favor of good, desiring to help others or taking action in the best interest of others. Narratives tend to differ between presidents based on intentions and motives but remains an essential characteristic of war rhetoric. Following narratives is the third characteristic of presidential war rhetoric that Campbell and Jamieson discuss, exhortation to unified action. It is often found within presidential speeches that incite war elements of unification. This unification element is in large part due to framing the intent behind war being in the best interest of humanity and civilization as a whole. The concept of unification comes with the assumed [anticipative] conclusion that right will prevail (Campbell and Jamieson, 2013). This characteristic will often appear as a president reminding the audience to put parties aside and using unifying terms and phrases like we and my fellow Americans while playing on national values. Exhortation to unified action speaks to the values Americans want to see in themselves and suggests values are threatened. The fourth characteristic that Campbell and Jamieson designate as a necessary element of war rhetoric is investiture as commander in chief. Ultimately, war rhetoric is a rhetoric of investiture (Campbell and Jamieson, 2013) meaning that it is an [arguably] excusable time to expand power as a president and justify why. The president rationalizes this as the time to exercise his right to play the role of Commander in Chief due to the threat of American values and the community. While the original intent of the role Commander in Chief was to repel attack, presidential innovations have created precedents that presidents have used to claim expanded executive war powers (C ampbell and Jamieson, 2013). Another complex modification of this characteristic is the role Congress now plays with the president in waging war. The intent of the Constitution was that the president would go to Congress to request authorization to act as commander in chief, but now the president assumes the role and then asks for congressional ratification (Campbell and Jamieson, 2013). The characteristic that plays a very significant role in war rhetoric is strategic misrepresentation. Strategic misrepresentation is a very dominant trend within Bushs war rhetoric, which will be explored further in this paper. War rhetoric is typically intended to incite immediate action demanding immediate support. This urgent action is attainable through the use of strategic misrepresentation, where the president uses rhetoric to misrepresent the events described in ways strategically related to stifle dissent and unify the nation (Campbell and Jamieson, 2013).

Same Sex Parenting And Parents Essay - 975 Words

This paper discusses same-sex parenting and some of the situations they have experienced. I will be discussing how this same sex pair handles family life, their demographics in relation to class material and Family Systems Theory as well as personal and professional application in their situation. There are a number of same sex parents in society today. Same sex families are no different from other families, but there are a few unique challenges that occasionally arise. Same sex parents still have a very effective style of parenting. I can see how a child’s success still comes from the quality of the parent-child relationships. Demographics: It is difficult to attain a precise count of same-sex parent families in the United States today. I believe this is due to many same sex families are not open about their sexual orientation or family situation. The partners in my interview have been in a relationship for ten years. They have a single child that is a ten-year-old boy. 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Microprocessor and Interfacing Free Essays

string(187) " the control register and all ports are set to the input mode e\) A0 and A1 \( Address pins \): These pins in conjunction with RD and WR pins control the selection of one of the 3 ports\." UNIT II- Peripherals and Interfacing PIO 8255 The parallel input-output port chip 8255 is also called as programmable peripheral input-output port. The Intel’s 8255 is designed for use with Intel’s 8-bit, 16-bit and higher capability microprocessors. It has 24 input/output lines which may be individually programmed in two groups of twelve lines each, or three groups of eight lines. We will write a custom essay sample on Microprocessor and Interfacing or any similar topic only for you Order Now The two groups of I/O pins are named as Group A and Group B. Each of these two groups contains a subgroup of eight I/O lines called as 8-bit port and another subgroup of four lines or a 4-bit port. Thus Group A contains an 8-bit port A along with a 4-bit port. C upper. PIO 8255 †¢ The port A lines are identified by symbols PA0-PA7 while the port C lines are identified as PC4-PC7. Similarly, GroupB contains an 8-bit port B, containing lines PB0-PB7 and 4-bit port C with lower bits PC0- PC3. The port C upper and port C lower can be used in combination as an 8-bitport C. †¢ Both the port C are assigned the same address. Thus one may have either three 8-bit I/O ports or two 8-bit and two 4-bit ports from 8255. All of these ports can function independently either as input or as output ports. This can be achieved by programming the bits of an internal register of 8255 called as control word register ( CWR ). PIO 8255 †¢ The internal block diagram and the pin configuration of 8255 are shown in fig. †¢ The 8-bit data bus buffer is controlled by the read/write control logic. The read/write control logic manages all of the internal and external transfers of both data and control words. †¢ RD, WR, A1, A0 and RESET are the inputs provided by the microprocessor to the READ/ WRITE control logic of 8255. The 8-bit, 3-state bidirectional buffer is used to interface the 8255 internal data bus with the external system data bus. PIO 8255 †¢ This buffer receives or transmits data upon the execution of input or output instructions by the microprocessor. The control words or status information is also transferred through the buffer. †¢ The signal description of 8255 are briefly presented as follows : †¢ PA7-PA0: These are eight port A lines that acts as either latched output or buffered input lines depending upon the control word loaded into the control word register. †¢ PC7-PC4 : Upper nibble of port C lines. They may act as either output latches or input buffers lines. PIO 8255 This port also can be used for generation of handshake lines in mode 1 or mode 2. †¢ PC3-PC0 : These are the lower port C lines, other details are the same as PC7-PC4 lines. †¢ PB0-PB7 : These are the eight port B lines which are used as latched output lines or buffered input lines in the same way as port A. †¢ RD : This is the input line driven by the microprocessor and should be low to indicate read operation to 8255. †¢ WR : This is an input line driven by the microprocessor. A low on this line indicates write operation. PIO 8255 †¢ CS : This is a chip select line. If this line goes low, it enables the 8255 to respond to RD and WR signals, otherwise RD and WR signal are neglected. †¢ A1-A0 : These are the address input lines and are driven by the microprocessor. These lines A1-A0 with RD, WR and CS from the following operations for 8255. These address lines are used for addressing any one of the four registers, i. e. three ports and a control word register as given in table below. †¢ In case of 8086 systems, if the 8255 is to be interfaced with lower order data bus, the A0 and A1 pins of 8255 are connected with A1 and A2 respectively. RD 0 0 0 0 RD 1 1 1 1 RD X 1 WR 1 1 1 1 WR 0 0 0 0 WR X 1 CS 0 0 0 0 CS 0 0 0 0 CS 1 0 A1 0 0 1 1 A1 0 0 1 1 A1 X X A0 0 1 0 1 A0 0 1 0 1 A0 X X Input (Read) cycle Port A to Data bus Port B to Data bus Port C to Data bus CWR to Data bus Output (Write) cycle Data bus to Port A Data bus to Port B Data bus to Port C Data bus to CWR Function Data bus tristated Data bus tristated Control Word Register PIO 8255. †¢ D0-D7 : These are the data bus lines those carry data or control word to/from the microprocessor. †¢ RESET : A logic high on this line clears the control word register of 8255. All ports are set as input ports by default after reset. Block Diagram of 8255 (Architecture) ( cont.. ) †¢ 1. 2. 3. 4. †¢ It has a 40 pins of 4 groups. Data bus buffer Read Write control logic Group A and Group B controls Port A, B and C Data bus buffer: This is a tristate bidirectional buffer used to interface the 8255 to system databus. Data is transmitted or received by the buffer on execution of input or output instruction by the CPU. Control word and status information are also transferred through this unit. †¢ Block Diagram of 8255 (Architecture) ( cont.. ) Read/Write control logic: This unit accepts control signals ( RD, WR ) and also inputs from address bus and issues commands to individual group of control blocks ( Group A, Group B). †¢ It has the following pins. a) CS – Chipselect : A low on this PIN enables the communication between CPU and 8255. b) RD (Read) – A low on this pin enables the CPU to read the data in the ports or the status word through data bus buffer. †¢ Block Diagram of 8255 (Architecture) ( cont.. ) WR ( Write ) : A low on this pin, the CPU can write data on to the ports or on to the control register through the data bus buffer. ) RESET: A high on this pin clears the control register and all ports are set to the input mode e) A0 and A1 ( Address pins ): These pins in conjunction with RD and WR pins control the selection of one of the 3 ports. You read "Microprocessor and Interfacing" in category "Papers" †¢ Group A and Group B controls : These block receive control from the CPU and iss ues commands to their respective ports. c) Block Diagram of 8255 (Architecture) ( cont.. ) †¢ Group A – PA and PCU ( PC7 -PC4) †¢ Group B – PCL ( PC3 – PC0) †¢ Control word register can only be written into no read operation of the CW register is allowed. a) Port A: This has an 8 bit latched/buffered O/P and 8 bit input latch. It can be programmed in 3 modes – mode 0, mode 1, mode 2. b) Port B: This has an 8 bit latched / buffered O/P and 8 bit input latch. It can be programmed in mode 0, mode1. Block Diagram of 8255 (Architecture). c) Port C : This has an 8 bit latched input buffer and 8 bit out put latched/buffer. This port can be divided into two 4 bit ports and can be used as control signals for port A and port B. it can be programmed in mode 0. Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) †¢ These are two basic modes of operation of 8255. I/O mode and Bit Set-Reset mode (BSR). †¢ In I/O mode, the 8255 ports work as programmable I/O ports, while in BSR mode only port C (PC0-PC7) can be used to set or reset its individual port bits. †¢ Under the I/O mode of operation, further there are three modes of operation of 8255, so as to support different types of applications, mode 0, mode 1 and mode 2. Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) †¢ BSR Mode: In this mode any of the 8-bits of port C can be set or reset depending on D0 of the control word. The bit to be set or reset is selected by bit select flags D3, D2 and D 1 of the CWR as given in table. I/O Modes : a) Mode 0 ( Basic I/O mode ): This mode is also called as basic input/output mode. This mode provides simple input and output capabilities using each of the three ports. Data can be simply read from and written to the input and output ports respectively, after appropriate initialisation. D3 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 D2 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 D1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Selected bit s of port C D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 BSR Mode : CWR Format PA 8 2 5 5 PCU PCL PA6 – PA7 PC4 – PC7 PC0-PC3 PB PB0 – PB7 8 2 5 5 PA PCU PCL PB PA PC PB0 – PB7 All Output Port A and Port C acting as O/P. Port B acting as I/P Mode 0 Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) †¢ 1. The salient features of this mode are as listed below: Two 8-bit ports ( port A and port B )and two 4-bit ports (port C upper and lower ) are available. The two 4-bit ports can be combinedly used as a third 8-bit port. Any port can be used as an input or output port. Output ports are latched. Input ports are not latched. A maximum of four ports are available so that overall 16 I/O configuration are possible. All these modes can be selected by programming a register internal to 8255 known as CWR. 2. 3. 4. †¢ Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. †¢ The control word register has two formats. The first format is valid for I/O modes of operation, i. e. modes 0, mode 1 and mode 2 while the second format is valid for bit set/reset (BSR) mode of operation. These formats are shown in following fig. D7 1 D6 X D5 X D4 X D3 D2 D1 D0 0- Reset 0-for BSR mode Bit select flags D3, D2, D1 are from 000 to 111 for bits PC0 TO PC71- Set I/O Mode Control Word Register Format and BSR Mode Control Word Register Format PA3 PA2 PA1 PA0 RD CS GND A1 A0 PC7 PC6 PC5 PC4 PC0 PC1 PC2 PC3 PB0 PB1 PB2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 0 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 PA4 PA5 PA6 PA7 WR Reset D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 Vcc PB7 PB6 PB5 PB4 PB3 8255A 8255A Pin Configuration = D0-D7 CS RESET 8255A A0 A1 RD PA0-PA7 PC4-PC7 PC0-PC3 PB0-PB7 Vcc WR GND Signals of 8255 3 Group A control 1 D0-D7 Data bus Buffer 8 bit int data bus 4 Group A Port A(8) PA0-PA7 Group A Port C upper(4) Group B Port C Lower(4) PC7-PC4 PC0-PC3 2 RD WR A0 A1 RESET CS Block Diagram of 8255 READ/ WRITE Control Logic Group B control PB7-PB0 Group B Port B(8) D7 D6 D5 Mode for Port A D4 PA D3 PC U D2 Mode for PB D1 PB D0 PC L Mode Set flag 1- active 0- BSR mode Group – A 1 Input PC u 0 Output 1 Input PA 0 Output 00 – mode 0 Mode 01 – mode 1 Select of PA 10 – mode 2 Group – B PCL PB Mode Select 1 Input 0 Output 1 Input 0 Output 0 mode- 0 1 mode- 1 Control Word Format of 8255 Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) b) Mode 1: ( Strobed input/output mode ) In this mode the handshaking control the input and output action of the specified port. Port C lines PC0-PC2, provide strobe or handshake lines for port B. This group which includes port B and PC0-PC2 is called as group B for Strobed data input/output. Port C lines PC3-PC5 provide strobe lines for port A. This group including port A and PC3-PC5 from group A. Thus port C is utilized for generating handshake signals. The salient features of mode 1 are listed as follows: Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) 1. 2. 3. 4. Two groups – group A and group B are available for strobed data transfer. Each group contains one 8-bit data I/O port and one 4-bit control/data port. The 8-bit data port can be either used as input and output port. The inputs and outputs both are latched. Out of 8-bit port C, PC0-PC2 are used to generate control signals for port B and PC3-PC5 are used to generate control signals for port A. he lines PC6, PC7 may be used as independent data lines. Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) †¢ The control signals for both the groups in input and output modes are explained as follows: Input control signal definitions (mode 1 ): †¢ STB( Strobe input ) – If this lines falls to logic low level, the data available at 8-bit input port is loaded into input latche s. †¢ IBF ( Input buffer full ) – If this signal rises to logic 1, it indicates that data has been loaded into latches, i. e. it works as an acknowledgement. IBF is set by a low on STB and is reset by the rising edge of RD input. Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) †¢ INTR ( Interrupt request ) – This active high output signal can be used to interrupt the CPU whenever an input device requests the service. INTR is set by a high STB pin and a high at IBF pin. INTE is an internal flag that can be controlled by the bit set/reset mode of either PC4 (INTEA) or PC2(INTEB) as shown in fig. †¢ INTR is reset by a falling edge of RD input. Thus an external input device can be request the service of the processor by putting the data on the bus and sending the strobe signal. Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. Output control signal definitions (mode 1) : †¢ OBF (Output buffer full ) – This status signal, whenever falls to low, indicates that CPU has written data to the specified output port. The OBF flip-flop will be set by a rising edge of WR signal and reset by a low going edge at the ACK input. †¢ ACK ( Acknowledge input ) – ACK signal acts as an acknowledgement to be given by a n output device. ACK signal, whenever low, informs the CPU that the data transferred by the CPU to the output device through the port is received by the output device. Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) †¢ INTR ( Interrupt request ) – Thus an output signal that can be used to interrupt the CPU when an output device acknowledges the data received from the CPU. INTR is set when ACK, OBF and INTE are 1. It is reset by a falling edge on WR input. The INTEA and INTEB flags are controlled by the bit set-reset mode of PC 6and PC2 respectively. 1 0 1 0 Input control signal definitions in Mode 1 1/0 X X X 1 X X X X 1 1 X D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 1 – Input 0 – Output For PC6 – PC7 PA0 – PA7 INTEA PC4 PC5 STBA IBFA D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 PB0 – PB7 INTEB PC 2 PC1 STBB IBFB PC3 RD PC6 – PC7 INTRA I/O PC0 INTR A Mode 1 Control Word Group A I/P RD Mode 1 Control Word Group B I/P STB IBF INTR RD DATA from Peripheral Mode 1 Strobed Input Data Transfer WR OBF INTR ACK Data OP to Port Mode 1 Strobed Data Output Output control signal definitions Mode 1 1 0 1 0 1/0 X X X 1 X X X X 1 0 X D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 1 – Input 0 – Output For PC4 – PC5 PA0 – PA7 INTEA PC7 PC6 OBF ACKA D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 PB0 PB7 INTEB PC PC2 1 OBFB ACKB PC3 WR PC4 – PC5 PC0 INTRA I/O INTRB Mode 1 Control Word Group A Mode 1 Control Word Group B Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) †¢ Mode 2 ( Strobed bidirectional I/O ): This mode of operation of 8255 is also called as strobed bidirectional I/O. This mode of operation provides 8255 with an additional features for communicating with a peripheral device on an 8-bit data bus. Handshaking signals are provided to maintain proper data flow and synchronization between the data transmitter and receiver. The interrupt generation and other functions are similar to mode 1. †¢ In this mode, 8255 is a bidirectional 8-bit port with handshake signals. The RD and WR signals decide whether the 8255 is going to operate as an input port or output port. Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) †¢ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The Salient features of Mode 2 of 8255 are listed as follows: The single 8-bit port in group A is available. The 8-bit port is bidirectional and additionally a 5-bit control port is available. Three I/O lines are available at port C. ( PC2 – PC0 ) Inputs and outputs are both latched. The 5-bit control port C (PC3-PC7) is used for generating / accepting handshake signals for the 8-bit data transfer on port A. Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) †¢ Control signal definitions in mode 2: †¢ INTR – (Interrupt request) As in mode 1, this control signal is active high and is used to interrupt the microprocessor to ask for transfer of the next data byte to/from it. This signal is used for input ( read ) as well as output ( write ) operations. †¢ Control Signals for Output operations: †¢ OBF ( Output buffer full ) – This signal, when falls to low level, indicates that the CPU has written data to port A. Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) ACK ( Acknowledge ) This control input, when falls to logic low level, acknowledges that the previous data byte is received by the destination and next byte may be sent by the processor. This signal enables the internal tristate buffers to send the next data byte on port A. †¢ INTE1 ( A flag associated with OBF ) This can be controlled by bit set/reset mode with PC6 . †¢ Control signals for input operations : †¢ STB (Strobe input ) A low on this line is used to strobe in the data into the input latches of 8255. Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) †¢ IBF ( Input buffer full ) When the data is loaded into input buffer, this ignal rises to logic ‘1’. This can be used as an acknowledge that the data has been received by the receiver. †¢ The waveforms in fig show the operation in Mode 2 for output as well as input port. †¢ Note: WR must occur before ACK and STB must be activated before RD. WR OBF INTR ACK STB IBF Data bus RD Mode 2 Bidirectional Data Transfer Data from 8085 Data towards 8255 Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) †¢ The following fig shows a schematic diagram containing an 8-bit bidirectional port, 5-bit control port and the relation of INTR with the control pins. Port B can either be set to Mode 0 or 1 with port A( Group A ) is in Mode 2. Mode 2 is not available for port B. The following fig shows the control word. †¢ The INTR goes high onl y if either IBF, INTE2, STB and RD go high or OBF, INTE1, ACK and WR go high. The port C can be read to know the status of the peripheral device, in terms of the control signals, using the normal I/O instructions. D7 1 D6 1 D5 X D4 X D3 X D2 1/0 D1 1/0 D0 1/0 1/0 mode Port A mode 2 Port B mode 0-mode 0 1- mode 1 PC2 – PC0 1 – Input 0 – Output Port B 1- I/P 0-O/P Mode 2 control word PC3 PA0-PA7 INTR INTE 1 PC7 PC6 OBF ACK STB IBF 3 I/O INTE 2 RD WR PC4 PC5 Mode 2 pins How to cite Microprocessor and Interfacing, Papers

Microprocessor and Interfacing Free Essays

string(187) " the control register and all ports are set to the input mode e\) A0 and A1 \( Address pins \): These pins in conjunction with RD and WR pins control the selection of one of the 3 ports\." UNIT II- Peripherals and Interfacing PIO 8255 The parallel input-output port chip 8255 is also called as programmable peripheral input-output port. The Intel’s 8255 is designed for use with Intel’s 8-bit, 16-bit and higher capability microprocessors. It has 24 input/output lines which may be individually programmed in two groups of twelve lines each, or three groups of eight lines. We will write a custom essay sample on Microprocessor and Interfacing or any similar topic only for you Order Now The two groups of I/O pins are named as Group A and Group B. Each of these two groups contains a subgroup of eight I/O lines called as 8-bit port and another subgroup of four lines or a 4-bit port. Thus Group A contains an 8-bit port A along with a 4-bit port. C upper. PIO 8255 †¢ The port A lines are identified by symbols PA0-PA7 while the port C lines are identified as PC4-PC7. Similarly, GroupB contains an 8-bit port B, containing lines PB0-PB7 and 4-bit port C with lower bits PC0- PC3. The port C upper and port C lower can be used in combination as an 8-bitport C. †¢ Both the port C are assigned the same address. Thus one may have either three 8-bit I/O ports or two 8-bit and two 4-bit ports from 8255. All of these ports can function independently either as input or as output ports. This can be achieved by programming the bits of an internal register of 8255 called as control word register ( CWR ). PIO 8255 †¢ The internal block diagram and the pin configuration of 8255 are shown in fig. †¢ The 8-bit data bus buffer is controlled by the read/write control logic. The read/write control logic manages all of the internal and external transfers of both data and control words. †¢ RD, WR, A1, A0 and RESET are the inputs provided by the microprocessor to the READ/ WRITE control logic of 8255. The 8-bit, 3-state bidirectional buffer is used to interface the 8255 internal data bus with the external system data bus. PIO 8255 †¢ This buffer receives or transmits data upon the execution of input or output instructions by the microprocessor. The control words or status information is also transferred through the buffer. †¢ The signal description of 8255 are briefly presented as follows : †¢ PA7-PA0: These are eight port A lines that acts as either latched output or buffered input lines depending upon the control word loaded into the control word register. †¢ PC7-PC4 : Upper nibble of port C lines. They may act as either output latches or input buffers lines. PIO 8255 This port also can be used for generation of handshake lines in mode 1 or mode 2. †¢ PC3-PC0 : These are the lower port C lines, other details are the same as PC7-PC4 lines. †¢ PB0-PB7 : These are the eight port B lines which are used as latched output lines or buffered input lines in the same way as port A. †¢ RD : This is the input line driven by the microprocessor and should be low to indicate read operation to 8255. †¢ WR : This is an input line driven by the microprocessor. A low on this line indicates write operation. PIO 8255 †¢ CS : This is a chip select line. If this line goes low, it enables the 8255 to respond to RD and WR signals, otherwise RD and WR signal are neglected. †¢ A1-A0 : These are the address input lines and are driven by the microprocessor. These lines A1-A0 with RD, WR and CS from the following operations for 8255. These address lines are used for addressing any one of the four registers, i. e. three ports and a control word register as given in table below. †¢ In case of 8086 systems, if the 8255 is to be interfaced with lower order data bus, the A0 and A1 pins of 8255 are connected with A1 and A2 respectively. RD 0 0 0 0 RD 1 1 1 1 RD X 1 WR 1 1 1 1 WR 0 0 0 0 WR X 1 CS 0 0 0 0 CS 0 0 0 0 CS 1 0 A1 0 0 1 1 A1 0 0 1 1 A1 X X A0 0 1 0 1 A0 0 1 0 1 A0 X X Input (Read) cycle Port A to Data bus Port B to Data bus Port C to Data bus CWR to Data bus Output (Write) cycle Data bus to Port A Data bus to Port B Data bus to Port C Data bus to CWR Function Data bus tristated Data bus tristated Control Word Register PIO 8255. †¢ D0-D7 : These are the data bus lines those carry data or control word to/from the microprocessor. †¢ RESET : A logic high on this line clears the control word register of 8255. All ports are set as input ports by default after reset. Block Diagram of 8255 (Architecture) ( cont.. ) †¢ 1. 2. 3. 4. †¢ It has a 40 pins of 4 groups. Data bus buffer Read Write control logic Group A and Group B controls Port A, B and C Data bus buffer: This is a tristate bidirectional buffer used to interface the 8255 to system databus. Data is transmitted or received by the buffer on execution of input or output instruction by the CPU. Control word and status information are also transferred through this unit. †¢ Block Diagram of 8255 (Architecture) ( cont.. ) Read/Write control logic: This unit accepts control signals ( RD, WR ) and also inputs from address bus and issues commands to individual group of control blocks ( Group A, Group B). †¢ It has the following pins. a) CS – Chipselect : A low on this PIN enables the communication between CPU and 8255. b) RD (Read) – A low on this pin enables the CPU to read the data in the ports or the status word through data bus buffer. †¢ Block Diagram of 8255 (Architecture) ( cont.. ) WR ( Write ) : A low on this pin, the CPU can write data on to the ports or on to the control register through the data bus buffer. ) RESET: A high on this pin clears the control register and all ports are set to the input mode e) A0 and A1 ( Address pins ): These pins in conjunction with RD and WR pins control the selection of one of the 3 ports. You read "Microprocessor and Interfacing" in category "Papers" †¢ Group A and Group B controls : These block receive control from the CPU and iss ues commands to their respective ports. c) Block Diagram of 8255 (Architecture) ( cont.. ) †¢ Group A – PA and PCU ( PC7 -PC4) †¢ Group B – PCL ( PC3 – PC0) †¢ Control word register can only be written into no read operation of the CW register is allowed. a) Port A: This has an 8 bit latched/buffered O/P and 8 bit input latch. It can be programmed in 3 modes – mode 0, mode 1, mode 2. b) Port B: This has an 8 bit latched / buffered O/P and 8 bit input latch. It can be programmed in mode 0, mode1. Block Diagram of 8255 (Architecture). c) Port C : This has an 8 bit latched input buffer and 8 bit out put latched/buffer. This port can be divided into two 4 bit ports and can be used as control signals for port A and port B. it can be programmed in mode 0. Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) †¢ These are two basic modes of operation of 8255. I/O mode and Bit Set-Reset mode (BSR). †¢ In I/O mode, the 8255 ports work as programmable I/O ports, while in BSR mode only port C (PC0-PC7) can be used to set or reset its individual port bits. †¢ Under the I/O mode of operation, further there are three modes of operation of 8255, so as to support different types of applications, mode 0, mode 1 and mode 2. Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) †¢ BSR Mode: In this mode any of the 8-bits of port C can be set or reset depending on D0 of the control word. The bit to be set or reset is selected by bit select flags D3, D2 and D 1 of the CWR as given in table. I/O Modes : a) Mode 0 ( Basic I/O mode ): This mode is also called as basic input/output mode. This mode provides simple input and output capabilities using each of the three ports. Data can be simply read from and written to the input and output ports respectively, after appropriate initialisation. D3 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 D2 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 D1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Selected bit s of port C D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 BSR Mode : CWR Format PA 8 2 5 5 PCU PCL PA6 – PA7 PC4 – PC7 PC0-PC3 PB PB0 – PB7 8 2 5 5 PA PCU PCL PB PA PC PB0 – PB7 All Output Port A and Port C acting as O/P. Port B acting as I/P Mode 0 Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) †¢ 1. The salient features of this mode are as listed below: Two 8-bit ports ( port A and port B )and two 4-bit ports (port C upper and lower ) are available. The two 4-bit ports can be combinedly used as a third 8-bit port. Any port can be used as an input or output port. Output ports are latched. Input ports are not latched. A maximum of four ports are available so that overall 16 I/O configuration are possible. All these modes can be selected by programming a register internal to 8255 known as CWR. 2. 3. 4. †¢ Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. †¢ The control word register has two formats. The first format is valid for I/O modes of operation, i. e. modes 0, mode 1 and mode 2 while the second format is valid for bit set/reset (BSR) mode of operation. These formats are shown in following fig. D7 1 D6 X D5 X D4 X D3 D2 D1 D0 0- Reset 0-for BSR mode Bit select flags D3, D2, D1 are from 000 to 111 for bits PC0 TO PC71- Set I/O Mode Control Word Register Format and BSR Mode Control Word Register Format PA3 PA2 PA1 PA0 RD CS GND A1 A0 PC7 PC6 PC5 PC4 PC0 PC1 PC2 PC3 PB0 PB1 PB2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 0 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 PA4 PA5 PA6 PA7 WR Reset D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 Vcc PB7 PB6 PB5 PB4 PB3 8255A 8255A Pin Configuration = D0-D7 CS RESET 8255A A0 A1 RD PA0-PA7 PC4-PC7 PC0-PC3 PB0-PB7 Vcc WR GND Signals of 8255 3 Group A control 1 D0-D7 Data bus Buffer 8 bit int data bus 4 Group A Port A(8) PA0-PA7 Group A Port C upper(4) Group B Port C Lower(4) PC7-PC4 PC0-PC3 2 RD WR A0 A1 RESET CS Block Diagram of 8255 READ/ WRITE Control Logic Group B control PB7-PB0 Group B Port B(8) D7 D6 D5 Mode for Port A D4 PA D3 PC U D2 Mode for PB D1 PB D0 PC L Mode Set flag 1- active 0- BSR mode Group – A 1 Input PC u 0 Output 1 Input PA 0 Output 00 – mode 0 Mode 01 – mode 1 Select of PA 10 – mode 2 Group – B PCL PB Mode Select 1 Input 0 Output 1 Input 0 Output 0 mode- 0 1 mode- 1 Control Word Format of 8255 Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) b) Mode 1: ( Strobed input/output mode ) In this mode the handshaking control the input and output action of the specified port. Port C lines PC0-PC2, provide strobe or handshake lines for port B. This group which includes port B and PC0-PC2 is called as group B for Strobed data input/output. Port C lines PC3-PC5 provide strobe lines for port A. This group including port A and PC3-PC5 from group A. Thus port C is utilized for generating handshake signals. The salient features of mode 1 are listed as follows: Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) 1. 2. 3. 4. Two groups – group A and group B are available for strobed data transfer. Each group contains one 8-bit data I/O port and one 4-bit control/data port. The 8-bit data port can be either used as input and output port. The inputs and outputs both are latched. Out of 8-bit port C, PC0-PC2 are used to generate control signals for port B and PC3-PC5 are used to generate control signals for port A. he lines PC6, PC7 may be used as independent data lines. Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) †¢ The control signals for both the groups in input and output modes are explained as follows: Input control signal definitions (mode 1 ): †¢ STB( Strobe input ) – If this lines falls to logic low level, the data available at 8-bit input port is loaded into input latche s. †¢ IBF ( Input buffer full ) – If this signal rises to logic 1, it indicates that data has been loaded into latches, i. e. it works as an acknowledgement. IBF is set by a low on STB and is reset by the rising edge of RD input. Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) †¢ INTR ( Interrupt request ) – This active high output signal can be used to interrupt the CPU whenever an input device requests the service. INTR is set by a high STB pin and a high at IBF pin. INTE is an internal flag that can be controlled by the bit set/reset mode of either PC4 (INTEA) or PC2(INTEB) as shown in fig. †¢ INTR is reset by a falling edge of RD input. Thus an external input device can be request the service of the processor by putting the data on the bus and sending the strobe signal. Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. Output control signal definitions (mode 1) : †¢ OBF (Output buffer full ) – This status signal, whenever falls to low, indicates that CPU has written data to the specified output port. The OBF flip-flop will be set by a rising edge of WR signal and reset by a low going edge at the ACK input. †¢ ACK ( Acknowledge input ) – ACK signal acts as an acknowledgement to be given by a n output device. ACK signal, whenever low, informs the CPU that the data transferred by the CPU to the output device through the port is received by the output device. Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) †¢ INTR ( Interrupt request ) – Thus an output signal that can be used to interrupt the CPU when an output device acknowledges the data received from the CPU. INTR is set when ACK, OBF and INTE are 1. It is reset by a falling edge on WR input. The INTEA and INTEB flags are controlled by the bit set-reset mode of PC 6and PC2 respectively. 1 0 1 0 Input control signal definitions in Mode 1 1/0 X X X 1 X X X X 1 1 X D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 1 – Input 0 – Output For PC6 – PC7 PA0 – PA7 INTEA PC4 PC5 STBA IBFA D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 PB0 – PB7 INTEB PC 2 PC1 STBB IBFB PC3 RD PC6 – PC7 INTRA I/O PC0 INTR A Mode 1 Control Word Group A I/P RD Mode 1 Control Word Group B I/P STB IBF INTR RD DATA from Peripheral Mode 1 Strobed Input Data Transfer WR OBF INTR ACK Data OP to Port Mode 1 Strobed Data Output Output control signal definitions Mode 1 1 0 1 0 1/0 X X X 1 X X X X 1 0 X D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 1 – Input 0 – Output For PC4 – PC5 PA0 – PA7 INTEA PC7 PC6 OBF ACKA D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 PB0 PB7 INTEB PC PC2 1 OBFB ACKB PC3 WR PC4 – PC5 PC0 INTRA I/O INTRB Mode 1 Control Word Group A Mode 1 Control Word Group B Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) †¢ Mode 2 ( Strobed bidirectional I/O ): This mode of operation of 8255 is also called as strobed bidirectional I/O. This mode of operation provides 8255 with an additional features for communicating with a peripheral device on an 8-bit data bus. Handshaking signals are provided to maintain proper data flow and synchronization between the data transmitter and receiver. The interrupt generation and other functions are similar to mode 1. †¢ In this mode, 8255 is a bidirectional 8-bit port with handshake signals. The RD and WR signals decide whether the 8255 is going to operate as an input port or output port. Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) †¢ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The Salient features of Mode 2 of 8255 are listed as follows: The single 8-bit port in group A is available. The 8-bit port is bidirectional and additionally a 5-bit control port is available. Three I/O lines are available at port C. ( PC2 – PC0 ) Inputs and outputs are both latched. The 5-bit control port C (PC3-PC7) is used for generating / accepting handshake signals for the 8-bit data transfer on port A. Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) †¢ Control signal definitions in mode 2: †¢ INTR – (Interrupt request) As in mode 1, this control signal is active high and is used to interrupt the microprocessor to ask for transfer of the next data byte to/from it. This signal is used for input ( read ) as well as output ( write ) operations. †¢ Control Signals for Output operations: †¢ OBF ( Output buffer full ) – This signal, when falls to low level, indicates that the CPU has written data to port A. Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) ACK ( Acknowledge ) This control input, when falls to logic low level, acknowledges that the previous data byte is received by the destination and next byte may be sent by the processor. This signal enables the internal tristate buffers to send the next data byte on port A. †¢ INTE1 ( A flag associated with OBF ) This can be controlled by bit set/reset mode with PC6 . †¢ Control signals for input operations : †¢ STB (Strobe input ) A low on this line is used to strobe in the data into the input latches of 8255. Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) †¢ IBF ( Input buffer full ) When the data is loaded into input buffer, this ignal rises to logic ‘1’. This can be used as an acknowledge that the data has been received by the receiver. †¢ The waveforms in fig show the operation in Mode 2 for output as well as input port. †¢ Note: WR must occur before ACK and STB must be activated before RD. WR OBF INTR ACK STB IBF Data bus RD Mode 2 Bidirectional Data Transfer Data from 8085 Data towards 8255 Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) †¢ The following fig shows a schematic diagram containing an 8-bit bidirectional port, 5-bit control port and the relation of INTR with the control pins. Port B can either be set to Mode 0 or 1 with port A( Group A ) is in Mode 2. Mode 2 is not available for port B. The following fig shows the control word. †¢ The INTR goes high onl y if either IBF, INTE2, STB and RD go high or OBF, INTE1, ACK and WR go high. The port C can be read to know the status of the peripheral device, in terms of the control signals, using the normal I/O instructions. D7 1 D6 1 D5 X D4 X D3 X D2 1/0 D1 1/0 D0 1/0 1/0 mode Port A mode 2 Port B mode 0-mode 0 1- mode 1 PC2 – PC0 1 – Input 0 – Output Port B 1- I/P 0-O/P Mode 2 control word PC3 PA0-PA7 INTR INTE 1 PC7 PC6 OBF ACK STB IBF 3 I/O INTE 2 RD WR PC4 PC5 Mode 2 pins How to cite Microprocessor and Interfacing, Papers

Jamestown Settlement free essay sample

The first permanent English colony in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607. In order to earn quick profits for Virginia Company investors, the settlers wasted no time and immediately began hunting for gold and searching for the Northwest Passage to Asia. According to page forty-two in the American Journey textbook, â€Å"all they would find was suffering and disappointment,† which would foreshadow the years ahead. The colony would soon prove to be an immediate disaster. First of all the settlers neglected to plant crops because they were so eager to find new riches. The colonists had never really planned to grow all of their own food. Instead, their plans depended upon trade with the local Native Americans to supply them with enough food between the arrival of periodic supply ships from England. This quickly caused their food supplies to dwindle and many starved to death. The second mistake the settlers made is that the settlement was located in a swamp. We will write a custom essay sample on Jamestown Settlement or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This soon led to diseases caused by parasites that were there and malaria caused by all the mosquitoes. So the settlers that didn’t starve usually died from disease. Initially Captain John Smith saved the colony through his leadership by imposing order and military discipline. However, certain settlers refused to follow his orders and believed their social status exempted them from manual labor. Just as bad was the failure of the colonists to work together for the common good, or indeed to work at all. The impending hardship was further compounded by the loss of Smith, who became injured in August of 1609 in a gunpowder accident, and was forced to return to England for medical attention in October 1609. This proved to be a major blow because he was most skillful in dealing with the Indians in trading for food. For years there was hardship and suffering in Jamestown, but in 1619 three important developments occurred. The company began to tranport women to become the wives of the planters and intice them to stay in the colony. The same year the first Africans arrived in Virginia and soon became indentured servants. The last major happening was the company created the first legislative body in English America. They were told to establish one equal and uniform government over all Virginia. According to the textbook, this also set a precedent for the establishment of self-government in other English colonies. The early years for Jamestown were full of disappointment, suffering, starvation, and tribulations. There was a constant battle going on with the Powhatan Confederacy and the colonists. Over time the settlers lost the Virginia Company, but eventually had a successful colony thanks to an established government and a marketable tobacco crop. .

The Parable of the Sadhu free essay sample

Bowen H. McCoy’s friend Stephen is quoted as saying, â€Å"I feel that what happened with the sadhu is a good example of the breakdown between the individual and corporate ethic. † Explain what you think Stephen meant by this statement. What is the nature of that breakdown between the individual and corporate ethic as you see it? In the article, Stephen goes on that â€Å"No one person was willing to assume ultimate responsibility for the sadhu. Each was willing to do his bit just so long as it was not too inconvenient. When it got to be a bother, everyone just passed the buck to someone else and took off. † Ask the students if they have ever seen such a situation in their lives? Have the students ever observed student-teams told by the professor for the last team out of the classroom to clean up, turn off lights and lock the door? Yet, when the last team walks out of the classroom, often the instructions are forgotten. We will write a custom essay sample on The Parable of the Sadhu or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Each team may blame other teams for not doing their part. Is it true that individuals tend to lose their responsibility in groups? Is it easier to hide in a group and spread the blame? 2. In reflecting on his discussion with Stephen about the sadhu McCoy says, â€Å"The instant decisions that executives make under pressure reveal the most about personal and corporate character. † Do you think on-the-spot decisions better reflect the character of the decision maker and organization rather than those that might be more thoroughly thought through? Why or why not? On-the-spot decisions reflect our habits and pattern of making decisions. This is why the Greeks argued that virtues must be practiced every day to become a habit. More thoroughly thought through decisions may not be any better than the on-the-spot ones, but may be analyzed to consider the alternatives and consequences. The ultimate decisions of either thought process reflect the character of the decision maker and organization. 3. McCoy equates the parameters of the decision-making process about the sadhu with that in business. He believes there is an interesting parallel to business situations. Explain what you think McCoy meant by this statement. Do you agree with him? McCoy points out that decision making in business is similar to what happened on the mountain: Decisions had to be made based upon what was seen and with outside influences on the processes. It is possible that the big picture may not be seen or considered; the depth or consequences may not be immediately recognized; the situation and policies may be misunderstood; the decision maker may not know of or utilize available resources. Businesspeople must be aware of the risks but cannot run away from all risks in making decisions. Often the true dimensions of the situation will not be comprehended by the manager or all members of the business team. Have the students consider the pros and cons of the parallel. 4. McCoy concludes that the lesson of the sadhu is that â€Å"in a complex corporate situation, the individual requires and deserves the support of the group. When people cannot find such support in their organizations, they don’t know how to act. † What support in organizations do you think McCoy is referring to? If such support is not found, what should individuals do when they have an ethical dilemma such as that in the sadhu case? If the organization does not provide the support to evaluate and resolve an ethical dilemma, then the individual must rely on his own values and decision making models. Below is McCoy’s reflection on the sadhu 15 years later. He notes that Stephen was reacting to the situation from his Christian ethic of compassion while he (McCoy) had a utilitarian response. Neither are the only right responses. Many students will want or state one right response, only. 5. What is the moral of the story of the sadhu from your perspective? McCoy summarized the moral as â€Å"When do we take a stand? † When Do We Take a Stand? By Bowen McCoy I wrote about my experiences purposely to present an ambiguous situation. I never found out if the sadhu lived or died. I can attest, though, that the sadhu lives on in his story. He lives in ethics classes I teach each year at business schools and churches. He lives in the classrooms of numerous business schools, where professors have taught the case to tens of thousands of students. He lives in several casebooks on ethics and on an educational video. And he lives in organizations such as the American Red Cross and ATT, which use his story in their ethics training. As I reflect on the sadhu now, 15 years after the fact, I first have to wonder, What actually happened on that Himalayan slope? When I first wrote about the event, I reported the experience in as much detail as I could remember, but I shaped it to the needs of a good classroom discussion. After years of reading my story, viewing it on video, and hearing others discuss it, I’m not sure I myself know what actually occurred on the mountainside that day! I’ve also heard a wide variety of responses to the story. The sadhu, for example, may not have wanted our help at all – he may have been intentionally bringing on his own death as a way to holiness. Why had he taken the dangerous way over the pass instead of the caravan route through the gorge? Hindu businesspeople have told me that in trying to assist the sadhu, we were being typically arrogant Westerners imposing our cultural values on the world. I’ve learned that each year along the pass, a few Nepali porters are left to freeze to death outside the tents of the unthinking tourists who hired them. A few years ago, a French group even left one of their own, a young French woman, to die there. The difficult pass seems to demonstrate a perverse version of Gresham’s law of currency: The bad practices of previous travelers have driven out the values that new travelers might have followed if they were at home. Perhaps that helps to explain why it was so difficult for Stephen or anyone else to establish a different approach on the spot. Our Sherpa sirdar, Pasang, was focused on his responsibility for bringing us up the mountain safe and sound. (His livelihood and status in the Sherpa ethnic group depended on our safe return. ) We were weak, our party was split, the porters were well on their way to the top with all our gear and food, and a storm would have separated us irrevocably from our logistical base. The fact was, we had no plan for dealing with the contingency of the sadhu. There was nothing we could do to unite our multicultural group in the little time we had. An ethical dilemma had come upon us unexpectedly, an element of dram that may explain why the sadhu’s story has continued to attract students. I am often asked for help in teaching the story. I usually advise keeping the details as ambiguous as possible. A true ethical dilemma requires a decision between two hard choices. In the case of the sadhu, we had to decide how much to sacrifice ourselves to take care of a stranger. And given the constraints of our trek, we had to make a group decision, not an individual one. If a large majority of students in a class ends up thinking I’m a bad person because of my decision on the mountain, the instructor may not have given the case its due. The same is true if the majority sees no problem with the choices we made. Any class’s response depends on its setting, whether it’s a business school, a church, or a corporation. I’ve found that younger students are more likely to see the issue as black-and-white, whereas older ones tend to see shade of gray. Some have seen a conflict between the different ethical approaches that we followed at the time. Stephen felt he had to do everything he could to save the sadhu’s life, in accordance with his Christian ethic of compassion. I had a utilitarian response: do the greatest good for the greatest number. Give a burst of aid to minimize the sadhu’s exposure, then continue on our way. The bsic question of the case remains, When do we take a stand? When do we allow a â€Å"sadhu† to intrude into our daily lives? Few of us can afford the time or effort to take care of every needy person we encounter. How much must we give of ourselves? And how do we prepare our organizations and institutions so they will respond appropriately in a crisis? How do we influence them if we do not agree with their points of view? We cannot quit our jobs over every ethical dilemma, but if we continually ignore our sense of values, who do we become? As a journalist asked at a recent conference on ethics, â€Å"Which ditch are we willing to die in? † For each of us, the answer is a bit different. How we act in response to that question defines better than anything else who we are, just as, in a collective sense, our acts define our institutions. In effect, the sadhu is always there, ready to remind us of the tensions between our own goals and the claims of strangers. References: McCracken, Janet, William Martin, and Bill Shaw. Virtue Ethics and the Parable of the Sadhu. Journal of Business Ethics 17.1 (1998): 25-38. Goodpaster, Kenneth E. Work, spirituality, and the moral point of view. International Journal of Value-Based Management 7.1 (1994): 49-62. Beyer, Janice M., and David Nino. Ethics and cultures in international business. Journal of Management Inquiry 8.3 (1999): 287-297. Amine, Lyn S. The need for moral champions in global marketing. European Journal of Marketing 30.5 (1996): 81-94. Smith, N. Craig, and John A. Quelch. Pharmaceutical marketing practices in the Third World. Journal of Business Research 23.1 (1991): 113-126.