Give Me a Free Essay Essay

When composing the Constitution in 1789, the Founding Fathers were anxious to stress that the executive branch of the new republic was to be subordinate to the peoples’ representation, the Congress. They achieved this through the Separation of Powers, a theory of government thought up by the French philosopher Montesquieu to prevent over-mighty or tyrannical government. The elaborate system of ‘checks and balances’ introduced greatly reduced the traditional authority of the executive, leaving some to argue that U.  S. presidents have been left with very little power, if only the power of persuasion. However to what extent is this true? Theodore Roosevelt famously stated that he was both â€Å"king and prime minister†, even though other presidents, such as Johnson and Truman have stressed the weakness of the presidency. The argument that presidents have only the power to persuade can be seen in many of the formal powers of the president laid out in Article II of the Constitution. This can perhaps best be seen in his powers of nomination, both for federal judges and executive branch officials. The president has only the power to suggest appointments to these positions; the final confirmation of the president’s choice lies with Congress. This will sometimes mean lengthy negotiations between the branches of government, with the president using his ‘pork barrel’ in an attempt to win over Senators. In 1987, Reagan’s nomination of Robert Bork was rejected by a Senate vote of 42 to 58, resulting in embarrassment for both the president and his nominee. Reagan was unable to do anything about this, other than to suggest a new nominee in the hope that they would be accepted instead. The president’s power of persuasion is also illustrated by his role as chief diplomat for the United States. In this position, he negotiates major treaties with foreign countries, such Carter’s Panama Canal Treaty or Bush Snr. ’s Chemical Weapons Ban. Even so, it is the job of the Congress to ratify the treaty; it has no legal authority until it has been accepted by the Senate with a two-thirds majority. As such, the president can only persuade the Senate to accept it, arguing for its merits or using his limited access to patronage. For instance, the Treaty of Versailles drawn up President Wilson in the aftermath of the First World War was rejected by the Senate, resulting in America being unable to join the League of Nations, a ‘pet-project’ of the President. Later in the C20th, the Senate refused to ratify a further six treaties, which presidents such as Eisenhower (1960) and Clinton (1999) had worked hard on the international stage to achieve. Similarly, the president’s powers to submit the annual budget and propose legislation both require Congressional action if they are to have any authority. The president’s State of the Union address comprises key pieces of legislation which the president would like to be introduced (such as more green jobs and banking regulations seen in Obama’s 2010 address). However, this is meaningless unless they are introduced to and accepted by Congress, a process that requires the president to act tactfully using bipartisanship to persuade Congressmen and Senators to follow his proposals.

The Necessity of Ethics in Criminal Justice

Erazo Criminal Justice April 15, 2013 Prompt: Give an account of the role of ethics and its significance to the functions of the criminal justice system in America, and describe its impact on crime and social control. The Necessity of Ethics in Criminal Justice The role of ethics is important to the criminal justice system as well as the government because it helps maintains social control and crime control. Over time the role of ethics has adapted in every aspect of the criminal justice system.Without the role of ethics there would be corruption; the law would have little meaning because its application would be undependable (citation. ) The criminal justice system, which works along with the government, has a great impact of how people treat each other, therefore the role of ethics is not only important for the law but for society as well. Of course there are differences in ethics; depending on certain occupations ones ethics will vary, but the overall role of ethics is to â€Å"d evelop personal qualities such as: courage, honesty, confidentiality, law-abiding behavior reproach and exemplary in nature† (cite 3. It is important for our defense attorneys, police officers, and judges to practice the role of ethics to maintain a stable criminal justice system. It is important to have ethics in the criminal justice system because it prevents corruption, brutality and racial discrimination. Without the role of ethics, the criminal justice system would not be where it’s at today. It abides by the supreme law of the land which falls under the preamble of the constitution which is the Bills of Rights.The Bill of Rights makes sure to protect every citizen’s rights no matter the gender, race or other discriminatory factors. The criminal justice system holds true to these factors which reduce corruption, brutality and racial discrimination. There would be corruption in the CJS (Criminal Justice System) by police corruption. There would be police corr uption by extortion: demanding money for not writing traffic tickets, and bribery: accepting money in exchange for not enforcing the law. Police corruption carries high costs in many ways.The first way of corruption is that police corruption detracts from the integrity of police authority and tarnishes the image the public view law enforcement. The public expect authorities to be honest and to treat everybody equally. The lack of law enforcement adds on to the increase of crime rates because authority is influencing negative behavior by not stopping crime. Secondly, it protects other criminal activities that deal with prostitution and drugs. The police are being bribed of not enforcing the law by the exchange of money. Criminals offer lucrative sources of income for organized crime.This means that a criminal would pay a police officer a certain amount of money to let a crime happen and the police would prevent law enforcement regulations upon them. What is usually seen in police cor ruption is called narcotic corruption. Narcotic corruption is â€Å"an inevitable consequence of drug enforcement,† (Cliff Notes-Police Corruption. ) Police officers are being offered either lucrative income or share some of the profit being made from the drugs that are being brought because of the prevention of law enforcement these officers are taking a part of.Providers of these services and illegal goods use part of their profits to bribe the police in order to ensure the continuation of criminal enterprises. If authority is not giving out the prime example of enforcing the law, what are the expectations of the citizens following them? Police corruption adds on to crimes, therefore following the role of ethics is strictly important to prevent incidents of police corruption to keep happening. The role of ethics makes sure to reduce police corruption if not eliminate it.To catch the violating officers, the criminal justice system holds special investigation commissions and auditors. Police corruption has been reduced tremendously by teaching officers the role of ethics as well. Another reason why the role of ethics is important to the criminal justice system is because of police brutality. In the year 1982, the federal government funded a study named, â€Å"Police Services Study,† in which thirteen percent of 12,000 people interviewed were abused by police brutality.Studies such as the Police Services Study show that most brutality is pressed against minority groups (Cliff Notes- Police Brutality. ) Police brutality ties in with racial discrimination against minority groups. There is also discrimination against homosexuals that are abused by police officers. When police officers are charged in court for brutality, they claim that they used the contempt of cop and situational variables which means that they attacked the criminal in self defense.The way that brutality is being prevented is not only by the role of ethics, but also by the internal affairs unit which means that units investigate complaints against officers to see if there is any suspicions of corruption, complains of brutality or other kinds of excessive force. After the police beating of Rodney King in 1991, the inspection general position was established to monitor citizen complaints dealing with police brutality and racial discrimination. What often ties in with police brutality is racial discrimination.Racial discrimination is mostly aimed towards Hispanics and African Americans. A study done in 1994 through 1995 of a group of 90,000 middle school and high school teenagers were surveyed to see how they would turn out to be in the year 2008. The study in 2008 states that the majority of the teenagers that were surveyed in 1994 that were African Americans had higher statistics of being arrested, incarcerated, and received long criminal sentences. The majority of journalism reports stated that, â€Å"more than white men, African American men engage in violen ce—and, on average, their IQs are lower. (Psychology Today. ) The study was more focused on the race of the individual instead of focusing on if the criminal justice system was fair to every single one of these individuals; it was not focused on seeing if the African Americans were discriminated or if they were abused brutality by police officers, instead they focused on their IQ levels and skin color as leading factors to see why African Americans engaged in violence more than the common white man. Criminal Justice cases state that African Americans have faced discrimination since the era of slavery.Ever since then they have been treated unfairly in every aspect of social factors. African Americans have suffered discrimination because of their skin color. The discrimination of African Americans initially began through the system of slavery, and then continued onto the pattern of segregation as well as legislative decisions that have encouraged discrimination against African Americans. Legislative encouraged discrimination of African Americans by considering Africans as property when they were slaves.After slaves were free there was still discrimination because government didn’t want to give them their rights. Since then African Americans have been fighting to be equal. Even centuries after the slavery era, African Americans are still being discriminated not only in a social standpoint but in the criminal justice system as well by racial discrimination. The role of ethics tries to teach their police officers to not be judgmental because of a stereotype or skin color.They try to predict if the accused person is guilty based on evidence instead of gender, race and economic status in cons of if they are a minority group. The role of ethics of course does not only surround itself by making sure there is no corruption, brutality and race discrimination, but also it prides itself in the way they hold their morals in the criminal justice system. There m orals are to develop personal qualities such as courage, honesty, confidentiality, and law abiding behavior to everybody involved in the criminal justice system.The counselors that are involved in the criminal justice system make sure to keep the accused or criminals personal information confidential unless it is a threatening act against another person or a group of people. The reason this ethic is important to the CJS is because if the code of confidentiality is broken, it could not only hurt the person who was betrayed but it also affects the way society views the system. The role of ethics impacts the way people view society.Even every day people practice the role of ethics; it could be in other areas but they have similar methods. It is crucial that defense attorneys, judges, and police officers abide by the role of ethics. Defense attorneys need to abide by the role of ethics when defending the accused by making sure they don’t give false testimony during their trial; t his keeps the CJS fair. Defense attorneys are expected to make sure that the information presented in court is true and that the person speaking against or for the accused is giving true information as well.Police officers are expected to follow the role of ethics as well by treating all accused and victims by their rights and to not arrest or approach them with brutality or arrest and treat a person unjustly just because of their race. Judges as well are expected to follow the code of ethics by making court decisions based on the information presented and not on racial factors, gender and other factors that could sway a person to be discriminatory against somebody.The code of ethics is very important in crime and social control because it helps reduce crime by establishing a platform on which authorities follow to ensure that everybody being tried is given an equal trial. When the criminal justice system had not established the code of ethics, African Americans and homosexuals were treated brutally by police officers. Police officers would beat them and sometimes unjustly accuse them of accusing a crime even though they did not do it. As well as judges and cases brought to the justice system, they would discriminate and state that the verdict is guilty.There were all types of corruption in the criminal justice system starting from the basic authority such as police officers following to defense attorneys and finishing off with judges who are one of the most valued authorities. Even when not dealing with crime, like for example parole officers who deal with juvenile delinquents, they are to enforce what the court says to be followed by the convicted offenders. If they do not enforce the law, the person might reoffend causing more hard due to poor ethics by officers causing more problems for the criminal justice system.The role of ethics gives every citizen the right to be treated equally when being accused of a crime. It implies that every person would not be treated differently because of a social discriminatory factor therefore keeping the CJS honest and law abiding. Ethics help keep social and crime control mainly through studying ethics because it is possible to define unethical behavior. It is important to have the capacity to point to moral reasoning in justifying behavior, and the study of ethics develops that capacity.The impact the role of ethics has on the criminal justice system is a positive one for it prides in honesty and law abiding factors; by implying the role of ethics, the public trusts the system more causing less chaos. Works Cited â€Å"The American System of Criminal Justice: Innocent Until Proven Guilty. † The American System of Criminal Justice: Innocent Until Proven Guilty. N. p. , n. d. Web. 15 Apr. 2013. http://www. stimmel-law. com/articles/criminaljustice_us. html â€Å"Criminal Justice: Police Corruption. † Criminal Justice: Police Corruption. N. p. , n. d. Web. 15 Apr. 2013. ttp://www. cliffs notes. com/study_guide/Police-Corruption. topicArticleId-10065,articleId-9979. html â€Å"Criminal Justice: Police Brutality. † Criminal Justice: Police Brutality. N. p. , n. d. Web. Spring 2013. http://www. cliffsnotes. com/study_guide/Police-Brutality. topicArticleId-10065,articleId-9975. html â€Å"No Discrimination†¦ | Facebook. † No Discrimination†¦ | Facebook. N. p. , n. d. Web. Aug. 2012. http://www. psychologytoday. com/blog/the-bejeezus-out-me/201303/no-discrimination-in-the-criminal-justice-system â€Å"The Importance of Ethics in Criminal Justice. † N. p. , n. d. Web.

Beccarias Criminal Justice Theories

This paper examines the role Beccaria played in shaping criminal justice. This paper studies the life of Beccaria and his theories on criminal behavior and justice. It analyzes his work, Essay On Crimes and Punishments, and its influence in criminal justice systems throughout the world. The paper looks at how Beccaria viewed the criminal and the crime and its overall effect (damage) to society.From the paper: `This paper examines the contributions of Beccaria in the context of his own time, the lasting effect that they have had on the jurisprudential and penological systems of the modern Western world. After a general introduction to Beccarias ideas and his model of crime, this paper looks at the results of three contemporary studies that incorporate the ideas and models of Beccaria. This examination of current research will allow us to evaluate the ways in which Beccarias idea, born in such a different historical context, may still guide us in attempting to guide us in creating ever more just, more fair and more effective means of punishing criminals and allowing all of society (including criminals, victims, and the rest of us) to prosper.` Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Beccarias Life and Timesand Theoretical Underpinnings 3. Beccarias Classical Theory of Crime 4. Three Modern Studies 5. Conclusion

Ethical Responsibility in Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethical Responsibility in Technology - Essay Example The agent is required to act in the best interests of the principal while performing what is required of him. But in most instances, the principal is unable measure the behavior of the agent and control the outcome of the contract, which puts him at a disadvantage vis--vis the agent. (Eisenhardt, 1989). Problems arise when there exists a conflict between the interests of the principal and the agent, which is the case in most contractual relationships. In general terms fiduciary duty is the obligation of a person to act in the best interests of another. In case of a principal and agent, it is the fiduciary duty of the agent to act in the best interests of the principal. This duty includes due diligence and due care by the agent in performing his services for the principal. "A fiduciary duty is an obligation to act in the best interest of another party." (Breach of Fiduciary Duty Law and Legal Definition, 2007). It has been stated the relationship between an agent and principal and the fiduciary duties of an agent. The principals in this instance are the future customers of Vista software who bought 'vista compatible' machines on the promise of Microsoft.

Congress Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Congress - Essay Example The CES was claimed to have unilaterally enacted a series of rules and regulations that required all students to undergo a search of their clothes, backpacks, lockers, and desks each morning. The rules also permitted random searches to take place. A hidden provision in the regulation allowed for enforcement officials to target their investigations more towards female students than male students, since studies had shown that females talk on cellular phones more often than males. Penalties for violating CES rules and regulations include the following: for a first offense, no hearing is held and the student receives a written warning; for a second offense, a hearing conducted by school officials is held and an automatic suspension is handed down; for a third offense, a full hearing is held by a board for the CES, after which a guilty finding results in expulsion, arrest, and incarceration for 30 days. School officials are also permitted, under the regulations, to permanently keep any cellular phones they confiscate. It is alleged that there were no notice was given or hearings held prior to the enactment of the rules and regulations. Lastly, there was an incident where a student was immediately expelled from school, arrested, and incarcerated without the opportunity to appear and defend herself against the charges, and that the cellular phone was taken by the authorities, never returned to such student nor her parents. The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution provides that there shall be no violation of the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, and that no warrants shall issue, except upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized (U.S. Const. amend. IV.). The Fifth Amendment of the US Constitution further

Organizing Function of Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organizing Function of Management - Case Study Example Managers distribute responsibility and authority to job holders in this function of management" The physical resources contribute to the greatest part of the balance sheets of the FedEx Kinko's Inc. Thus, the physical resources must be organized carefully. The division of those resources must be planned, coordinated and above all, inline with the organizational goals of efficiency and effectiveness without compromising the customer satisfaction. In the words of their ex Chief Executive Officer, the centre of FedEx Kinko's are organized in the pattern of hub and spoke. Just like all the spokes are connected through each other using the hub, likewise, in a region, all the braches are connected through a 'hub'. These branches, each being the integral part of the network, work in close coordination with the hub to form the setup in totality. Hub locations are opened round the clock and have greater domain of services to offer, thus containing greater number of products, services and equipments. Spokes, the local branches, offer self-serving and full-serving capabilities, but forward higher-volumes to hubs for over-night or specialized production. In order to determine that which stores should be the 'round the clock' stores, they have used a '15 minute rule', the rule used by most of the round the clock businesses. According to this rule, the store which is made the 'hub' must be accessible to the customer within the drive of 1 5 minutes. On one hand, this ensures the efficient use of the existing resources, while on the other hand, this also ensures the increased customer satisfaction and targeted use of the round the clock hubs. While on one hand, this service will attract a great number of individual customers, this will also enable FedEx Kinko's to attract those corporate clients who have bulk of production demand, with complex specifications. To make the customers aware of any changes in the locations of the 24/7 stores, customers are notified through signage, with bag inserts and by FedEx Kinko's team members. If a store is no longer a 24/7 one, the next closest locations are indicated through the signage. Their website is also very useful in providing those information regarding the locations of the stores. Thus, it this way, FedEx Kinko's has maximized the use of its physical resources beyond the traditional store hours, in order to create a value addition. (FedEx Kinko's website, press release) ORGANIZATION OF KNOWLEDGE RESOURCES: In today's rapidly changing world of information technology, knowledge management is one of the crucial issue for all the organizations, since the appropriate amount of knowledge sharing to the appropriate person at appropriate time with appropriate frequency is essential, besides the collection and filtering of the 'knowledge asset'. At FedEx Kinko's, two information systems are being used in order to properly organize the information, related to core as well as support functions. Both the

Weekly ass. #9 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Weekly ass. #9 - Essay Example We wanted someone who could supply the linen to us at a considerably cheaper price. Therefore, we are offering the contract to a candidate who is supplying the linen at a price that is within our range. However, the good work that you have been doing is not forgettable and we are keeping your tender in our system. If at any time you feel that you can review the range at which you supply the materials to us, you will be among the first to be considered if there is any other opportunity for tenders. There are many other products that Anytown General Hospital needs and you can present your tender for supplies in any other department. We are starting classes for free disaster preparedness. We need suppliers for some of the products that we will be using; you can check on our website for details and present your tender if you would wish to bid. On behalf of Anytown General Hospital, I thank you for your time, interest, effort and continual cooperation when you worked with us. I wish you the best in your business proceedings, and if you have any questions regarding the same issue, please do not hesitate to contact us through

Freud and dreams The thoughts of Freud and association of dreams Essay

Freud and dreams The thoughts of Freud and association of dreams - Essay Example A theme of the paper is that the great contributor gave central importance to understanding individual meaning. He also addressed the challenges of understanding increasing developmental complexity, although neither acknowledged the challenge in these terms. The latter consideration frames a portrayal of the limitations of the ideas of each from our contemporary perspective. A final section of the paper looks to the future, invoking the creative spirit of these scientific ancestors as part of today's living history. I ask what the approaches of Freud offer us as we address the challenges of increasing complexity and seek new developmental advances in the 21st century. Freud's living contributions draw our attention to the meaning of individual experience. They tell us that much about the course of human development and its vicissitudes can be described in terms of lawful principles; priority, however, must be given to investigating individuality. In the discussion that follows in this paper, I shall emphasize Freud's influence on some key trends in today's developmental psychology, giving only brief mention to the history of child development between Freud's time and ours. It is hoped, however, that engaging in this kind of "back-to-the-future" journey will provide us with both pleasure and some fresh insights. Freud was a p DISCUSSION Freud was a practicing clinician who learned early that variations in private meaning cannot be taken for granted. Related to this point is another straightforward one, which, like the first, continues to permeate our developmental dialectics even today. This concerns the reality of psychic life and the assertion that understanding an individual's unique life and living perspective is worthy of both study and therapeutic attention. Strong contemporary statements of both points for developmental psychology can be seen in Bruner (2000) and in Stern (2003). PLAY Play offers a good way to begin taking a fresh look at Freud. We can envision Freud attending to the meaning of individual experience and theorizing in ways that are both simple and profound. Writing in 1920, Freud described observations of his 1 -year-old grandson who lived with him for some weeks. He commented that the child was not at all precocious in language development and frequently threw things away from himself-for example, in a corner or under a bed. On these occasions, the child often pronounced a long, drawn-out "Oooo"-an utterance that the child's mother and Freud agreed seemed to represent the German word fort (i.e., gone). One day I made an observation. The child had a wooden reel with a piece of string tied round it. what he did was to hold the reel by the string and very skillfully throw it over the edge of his curtained cot, so that it disappeared into it, at the same time uttering his expressive "Oooo." He then pulled the reel out of the cot again by the string and hailed its reappearance with a joyful "Da" (there). This, then, was the complete game-disappearance and return. As a rule, one only witnessed its first act, which was repeated untiringly as the game in itself, for there is no doubt that the greater pleasure was attached to the second act. (Freud, 1920/2003a. p. 15) Freud added a footnote to this work in which he documents a subsequent observation that seemed to confirm his

The Purpose of the Higher Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Purpose of the Higher Education - Essay Example In most cases, the ideas of students are rarely considered when higher learning institutions are developing the curriculum. Due to the fact that we are living in a dynamic environment that is characterized by changes, it is imperative for students to be involved in the curriculum development since they may have some enterprising ideas that can help to improve the whole education system. This idea is supported by Kelly Sousa (http://whichwaync.com/2012/07/18/a-job-offer-a-skill-set-a-higher-tolerance-what-does-college-provide/, July 18, 2012) who posts to the effect that technical skills are gaining more priority as a result of the fact that the world has significantly industrialized. Various courses that are offered at higher learning institutions are theoretical in terms of their design. Students are taught various theories related to a particular area of study and in most cases, this kind of study is mainly academic in nature. However, after graduating from different tertiary insti tutions, many people rarely apply the theoretical knowledge they are taught at universities. Instead, they often encounter different problems that may require experience in that particular area. This experience is often gained through constant practice. It can be noted that some people are offered training at their work which may be costly to the companies since they will have to retrain the newly employed people. Some studies have shown that knowledge is more important since it is regarded as a stepping stone to a career by different people. Higher education is mainly designed to develop people better so that they can be in a position to find solutions to problems they may encounter in their lives. in workplaces, people are expected to make decisions and they should try to find solutions to problems they come across in their work. This is the reason why students should also put their input in the development of the curriculum. The problem with the current curriculum is that it is s kewed in favor of generating theoretical knowledge rather than developing the skills of the students so that they can be in a better position to deal with various technical problems they may encounter in their work. Therefore, it is recommended that people who are pursuing studies in areas that are technical in nature should be exposed to more practice in the actual field of their specialty so that they gain the much-needed knowledge. These students should be attached to different companies for longer periods as part of their learning since this will help them to gain different skills that are required for them to carry out various tasks. Theory and practice should be balanced in order for the students to gain the knowledge that can be transformed in order for them to deal with different problems they may face in their work. Various people seek education for monetary reasons since they believe that they will get better job opportunities that are characterized by high salaries. The c urriculum offered at tertiary institutions is designed in such a way that it helps people with higher qualifications to get high positions in different organizations. For instance, managers, as well as other people with influential positions, are highly qualified and they are paid lucrative salaries as a result of the high qualifications they have.

Khalifa tower in dubai Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Khalifa tower in dubai - Research Paper Example Located in the heart of Dubai, this building is considered one of the tallest structures in the world. (Lego Architecture, 2010) Emaar Properties PJSC was the chief promoter of this grand structure while the architects were Skidmore, Owings & Merill LLP (SOM), a company based in Chicago. (Lego Architecture, 2010) The two persons at the helm of this design were Adrian Smith and Bill Baker who were the architect and chief structural engineer respectively. The task of building the world’s tallest structure was entrusted to Owings & Merill because of their vast experience in creating such huge if not similar structures like the Seara Tower and the John Hancock Center. (Lego Architecture, 2010) Around 90 designers and engineers worked in close synergy to create this monumental piece which marvelled not only in size but also reflected the cultural and religious sentiment of the region. The Burj Khalifa at 828 metres infused a mix of modern 21st century architecture while still retaining the finer symbolic aspects of traditional Islamic architecture. Classified as a Supertall skyscraper, reflective glazing aluminium and textured stainless steel was used significantly while the construction was carried out using reinforced concrete and steel. The project began in 2004 and was completed by 2010. (Lego Architecture, 2010) There were more than 160 stories in this meteoric building with the floor area measured at 5.67 million square feet. The tower was inaugurated by His Highness Sheikh Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum Vice President and Prime Minister of UAE and also the ruler of Dubai. (Lego Architecture, 2010) Owings and Merill LLP were shortlisted from among a team of five international competitors to work on the Burj Khalifa. To their credit the Haj Terminal at Jeddah Airport and the National Commercial bank were works that were created by Owings and Merill and which had a significant presence of Islamic architecture in its style. The

Persuasive research paper Essay Example for Free

Persuasive research paper Essay Everyday as we commute down the road we see motorcyclist drive past us. What is the one thing that we can all agree individuals riding motorcycles have in common? It is not a trick question. The answer is very simple; they all share the commonality of riding a motorcycle. What is in fact is very distinct however, are the choices of attire when operating their motorcycle. Some individuals are brave enough to wear shorts, tank tops, and sandals. On the opposite end of the spectrum, you have some of the wiser ones that chose to wear a helmet, gloves, protective jacket, eye protection etc. Why the distinct difference? The fact is that a great percentage of riders refuse to wear the proper protective equipment. Due to an increase in motorcycle riders within the recent years, a national protocol requiring certain equipment, such as a helmet, to be worn when riding a motorcycle should be instituted. There are many contributing factors to motorcycle fatalities, however there can be a culture of change, specially with the proper knowledge on how each piece of safety equipment can help at preventing injury or death Every year that passes by, notice that more and more motorcycle share the road with our  automobile drivers. We might wonder why there has been a shift in choice of transportation. Is this a trend or fad that the population is going through? According to the Governors Highway Safety Association, â€Å"National data from 1976 to 2012 suggest that motorcyclist fatalities track motorcycle registrations quite closely and that registrations track inflation-adjusted gasoline prices. If the economy continues to improve and gasoline prices remain high, then motorcycle 1 Tenorio registrations, travel, and fatalities will continue to rise unless active measures are taken†. (Hedlund). Not only do we think there are more motorcycle riders on the road, they have proven this to be true. Motorcycles are generally more fuel-efficient than cars, making them a very good alternative mode of transportation when gas prices stay at a consistent high price. It is basic mathematics; if there are more motorcycles there is more individuals susceptible to accidents. Additionally, they have proven that motorcycles are more apt to be involved in a motor vehicle accident than any other vehicle. Data collected in 2007 proved that per vehicle mile driven,motorcyclist were approximately 37 times more apt to die in a motor vehicle accident and nine times more probable to be injured in an accident. They also researched the ability of a helmet to protect against fatal injuries in motorcycle accidents. NHTSA estimates that helmets saved the lives of 1,829 motorcyclists in 2008. If all motorcyclists had worn helmets, an additional 823 lives could have been saved. (Motorcycles: Traffic Safety Facts 2008 Data). As motorcycles become more abundant, it is imperative that we reduce the probability of death as much as  possible. As proven above, helmet wear can be a life or death-determining factor. You can force motorcycle operators to wear helmets by implementing laws, but the combination of alcohol and motorcycle operation can have a devastating impact despite helmet wear. When operating a motorcycle an operator needs all of their senses at full capacity. Alcohol is central nervous system suppressant substance, causing you body to have a reduced reaction time when the situation arises. The reported helmet use rate for motorcycle riders with BAC levels higher than  the legal limit killed in traffic crashes was 46 percent, compared with 66 percent for those with no alcohol (Motorcycles: Traffic Safety Facts 2008 Data). Not only does alcohol reduce reaction times, it also has an impact on your ability to make rational decisions. It makes individuals push the limits of their motorcycle and their riding ability to levels they normally 2 Tenorio would not, and the majority of the time while not wearing the equipment they should. In 2011, the NHTSA calculated 4,323 motorcyclists were killed, and 33% (1426) of the riders were under  the influence of alcohol (Watson). How can the country as a whole help reduce the amount of fatalities we currently have due to motorcycle accidents? It is not a very simple answer. It would require involvement from both the people and the government to make this happen. One way the government can aid in the reduction of motorcycle fatalities is through the implementation of regulations, which require and enforce the wear or motorcycle protective equipment. Dating back to 1966 the government tried to impose the requirement of helmet wear by the states. They tried to do this by threatening with the reduction of federal-aid highway construction funds for the states that did not comply with the implementation of universal helmet use law by 1967. By 1975 all but 3 states had adopted and implemented such laws. Unfortunately the Supreme Court deemed this law unconstitutional. Shortly after revoking the Act, states gradually began to weaken helmet wear laws, since it was no longer a federal requirement (Helmet Laws). Much like seat belt laws have been implemented across the majority of the states due to increased survivability rate when  involved in an accident, the wear of helmets when operating a motorcycle should be mandated. The responsibility should not only be weighted only on the federal and state governments, individuals should take responsibility also. Many non-profit organizations work diligently to tray and raise motorcycle safety awareness with thinks like bumper stickers, fund-raising rides, and bike meets. Additionally insurance companies have aided in the increased awareness by handing out information pamphlets at locations like Bike Week in Daytona Beach. Another factor that  aids in the reduction of motorcycle fatalities is proper operation education. Florida is one of many states that require the operator to take a Motorcycle Basic Riders course in order to be able 3 Tenorio to receive the motorcycle endorsement on their licenses. Without this endorsement you cannot legally operate a motorcycle. With this course even people that have never been on a motorcycle can learn the basic in order to operate it on the roads. The Motorcycle Safety Foundation (MSF) offers motorcycle rider education and training programs and courses, and supports governmental  programs by participating in research and public awareness campaigns and providing technical assistance to state training and licensing programs (Morris). The Department of Defense, more specifically the United States Air Force, uses courses from the Motorcycle Safety Foundation to teach the military riders how to operate a motorcycle. In order for an individual to operate a motorcycle they have to complete the basic riders course. Within one year of the completion of the initial course they are required to complete an intermediate course such as the basic riders  course 2, advanced riders course, or the sport bikes handling course. Once these two requirements are complete, they are required to do refresher training every five years. In addition to the training, the department of defense requires all members, military and civilian, to wear protective equipment while driving on any DOD installation. That protective equipment consists of: helmet, gloves, durable over the ankle footwear, long sleeve shirt or jacket, long durable pants, and eye protection. If not properly equipped, individuals are not allowed to enter the installation. If the DOD is doing this to help keep the members of the military community safe, why shouldn’t the rest of the country follow in those footsteps? When we think motorcycle safety, 90 percent of the time the first image that comes to mind is a helmet, as it should. The helmet is the single-handedly the most important piece of safety equipment that a motorcycle rider shouldn’t go without. However, there are many other rider protective equipment components that play a vital role in the safety of the person. Between 2001 and 2008, more than 34,000 motorcyclists were killed and an estimated 1,222,000 persons. 4 Tenorio were treated in a U. S. emergency department for a non-fatal motorcycle-related injury (Motorcycle Crash-Related Data). This data supports the thought process that even though helmets are crucial at protecting against head injuries, there are many other portions of the body that are at harms way if not properly covered. 75 percent of the non-fatal emergency room visits involved parts other than the head. The other attire that might contribute to a safer ride includes, but not limited to, long durable pants, durable top, gloves, durable over-the-ankle footwear, and reflective equipment. Despite that it will probably never be deemed mandatory to wear these items, it is important for riders everywhere to understand the devastating effects an accident can have on their bodies when choosing not to wear the proper gear. There is a common misconception that the gear makes the ride more uncomfortable and, it is believed that it makes it more difficult to operate and maneuver the motorcycle. That is a myth! Properly fitted helmets of decent quality not only will it protect your head, but also a full-faced helmet will make for a more comfortable ride. The helmet does this by preventing foreign objects and debris from  constantly hitting the riders face, and most importantly from landing in the eye. Gloves that fit snug the hand will protect it from road rash in the event that you make contact with the pavement and it also improves handgrip with the handlebars aiding with better handling. There are gloves out on the market that have additional padding in the palm of the hand, to help with comfort and provide support and a barrier in the event of a fall. The same concept can be applied to footwear. It is unbelievable that there are people out there that would ride a bike in flip-flops and think it is comfortable. Not only does it not protect the appendages, but also it makes it harder to control the bike. When choosing footwear you have to find a medium between protection and comfort. Wear something that provides the proper amount of protection but does not hinder your ability to control or maneuver the motorcycle. 5 Tenorio Choosing comfort over safety should never be an option. More specifically when you are talking about the portion of your body that controls all bodily functions. With the implementation and enforcement of a universal helmet law, the fatality rate of motorcycle accidents would  decrease. In the past the universal helmet law failed. With that in mind, we can learn from our mistakes and see trough an effective and legal legislation. The ultimate goal is not to interfere with he rights of individuals, but to help protect the citizens so they can continue to enjoy the freedoms we have in the United States. The amount of information revolving around motorcycle safety out for public access is almost overwhelming. Therefore, there shouldn’t be an excuse why people refuse to wear gear that will only help protect them and their bodies from the dangers of riding a motorcycle. Works Cited 6 Tenorio Hedlund, James. Spotlight on Highway Safety. Motorcyclist Traffic Fatalities by State: 2012 Preliminary Data. Governors Highway Safety Association, 1 Apr. 2013. Web. 09 July 2014. Helmet Laws. State Motorcycle and Bicycle. Governors Highway Safety Association, 1 July 2014. Web. 06 July 2014. Morris, C. C. , Ph. D. Motorcycle Trends in the United States | Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Motorcycle Trends in the United States | Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Bureau If Transportation Statistics, 14 May 2009. Web. 07 July 2014. Motorcycle Crash-Related Data. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 14 June 2012. Web. 06 July 2014. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Motorcycles: Traffic Safety Facts 2008 Data (2008): 1-6. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. NHTSAs National Center for Statistics and Analysis, 1 Dec. 2008. Web. 22 June 2014. Watson, Tim. What The Latest NHTSA Fatality Stats Reveal About Motorcycle Safety. Ride Apart RSS2. Ride Apart, 29 May 2013. Web. 09 July 2014. Workman, Danny. Deadly Motorcycle Accident Statistics. Examiner. com. The Examiner, 28 May 2009. Web. 09 July 2014. 7.

Islamic Art and Architecture; Influence and Effects Essay Example for Free

Islamic Art and Architecture; Influence and Effects Essay Introduction During the reign of the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughal rulers, architecture and art took on more meaning than it had in the past. The types of architecture and manuscript writing have had both symbolic significance and influence on the people of these empires. The architecture can be said to have had the greatest impact on the presence of power and devotion to Islamic arts of all of the empires, while manuscripts were held privately until trends influenced their spread over greater distances and people. The Ottomans, in their quest to expand their lands and influence, conquered Constantinople in 1453, which sparked a major period of construction in the new capital of the Ottoman Empire. This large building initiative took place in order to encourage a repopulating of Istanbul, as well as the revitalization of the economy in this declining city. The buildings and complexes the Ottomans built shed an interesting light on their concerns and ideals. For example, while the complexes were mainly built as places of worship, they took on other roles, such as, centers for education, commerce, and hospital care. One complex is clear in its intentions to the public, as can be seen by the endowment deed, which read â€Å" to elevate matters of religion and religious sciences in order to strengthen the mechanisms of worldly sovereignty and to reach happiness in the afterworld†, (Bloom Blair, 298). This combination of buildings in a complex format drew people from the old capital and cities of the empire, and generated revenue that amassed into fortunes for the rulers of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans, however, were not the only empire to enjoy great wealth and displays of that wealth. The Mughals, who descended from the same Turkish conquerors as the Ottomans, also enjoyed prosperity from great building projects. The architecture of the Mughals was able to change with great regularity during its time, due to the constant movement of the central government. The Mughals also benefited from a blend of styles and influences to create their palaces. The most famous example of Mughal architecture was the Taj Mahal, which was built in the memory of a deceased favorite wife. In the building of temples and tombs in Mughal history, it is quite common to find them built as reminders to the community of saints, heroes, or loved ones. It was  also common to find that they lacked as muc h fine detail as their neighbors to the west, but brought new styles to the architecture derived from the rich traditions of the people of India. Unlike the Ottomans and The Mughal, the Safavids were derived from the family lineage of Mohammed the prophet. Despite this difference, the Safavids built great temples and complexes for similar reasons. The Safavids built great complexes, and like the Ottomans, they moved their capital to a centralized location in order to centralize power, and increase commerce. The Safavids also shared another trait in building with the Ottomans. They both had a strong emphasis on education, and liked to keep a watchful eye over it. For this reason, religious complexes often included the highest forms of education for both the government and the religion of Islam. Though in competition for much of their histories, the Ottomans and Safavids adhered to many of the same architectural styles, with one major difference. Due to their difference in branches of Islam, the Safavids, unlike their Sunni neighbors the Ottomans, had little problem with diverging from traditional customs of avoiding the use of depictions of animals and people in their design. This proved to enhance the appearance of the buildings, but also give them a unique place in the history of Islamic buildings. Manuscripts, on the other hand, have a very different history than do the magnificent buildings of the Islamic world. In the Ottoman Empire, as was true of most of the Muslim world, the Koran was the most copied manuscript. Copies of the Koran were reproduced with astonishing art, but were usually given as gifts to other rulers. In this system, the common person was excluded from viewing the finest manuscripts. Common manuscripts were produced by artisans, but lacked the high quality of that of the royal courts. The Ottomans also used their talents to reproduce manuscripts that depicted great rulers and events in history, as well as topography paintings that displayed the prominence of conquest in the Ottomans daily life. Ottoman manuscripts were not as popular or unique as the ones created by the Safavids or Mughals, but they did posses superiority in the ar t of calligraphy. Manuscripts from the Safavid and Mughal empires possessed greater detail in art, but most of the calligraphers were not as skilled as those of the Ottoman Empire. Despite this lack of good calligraphy, the Safavids and Mughals were more skilled in art and design. Like the Ottomans, the Mughals and Safavid empires copied  the Koran at a high rate, but only the best works of art were given away as gifts. This lack of quality reproductions, which included not only writing, but also painting, led to the decline of the bound book. This decline led to the development of an industry of artisans creating single manuscripts. These manuscripts allowed for both artistic differences that were hard to avoid in large manuscripts, and it allowed more people to posses art. They were collected into books, but they had a greater impact on both the people of the Muslim world and the Europeans, who were exploring the area heavily in search of people to colonize. The arrival of the Europeans also led to a decline in the production of small manuscripts, due to the fact that the printing press and mass production of books were arriving in Europe. Conclusion Islamic art and architecture both had more than one use in Islamic life. The architecture reminded the people of saints, great rulers, martyrs, or beloved figures, as well as serving as a center for religion, education, commerce, and medicine. The art of the Islamic world was originally used to tell of battles, heroes, and most popularly recreate the Koran. Art also allowed for the growth of writing, painting, and the distribution of ideas over greater distances than the spoken word. Both Islamic art and architecture still hold as reminders to Muslims and the world that great rulers, conquerors, and artists have made a lasting impact on the region and its culture.

Safeguarding the Welfare and Innocence of a Child

Safeguarding the Welfare and Innocence of a Child Childhood experiences differ from person to person in many ways. One’s personal experience of childhood is likely to affect their understanding of childhood and their ideal vision of childhood. When I reminisce about childhood, the ideal vision of children frolicking around the park, having fun and carefree days comes to mind. As described by Rousseau, childhood is a brief period of sanctuary before encountering the perils and hardships of adulthood. This line by Rousseau: Why fill with bitterness the fleeting early days of childhood, days which will no more return for them than for you? encapsulates my ideal vision of childhood, a time of pure innocence that will never be recaptured and should be the best time of our lives (Hutchison Charlesworth 2000; Wood 2003). Brought up in Singapore as the youngest child in a family of four, my childhood experience was built upon an â€Å"Asian construction of childhood† with beliefs and ideas of Asian cultural influence. However , being the youngest child made me the perpetual â€Å"baby† of the family, with constant protection and showering of care. Coupled with the media’s constant representation of the innocent child through various movies and images, my view of childhood is inevitably skewed towards this image. The image of innocence recognizes a child’s vulnerability and immaturity, reflecting the need to provide care and protection in order to preserve the physical and spiritual purity of the child. James Prout (1990) recognized that while childhood innocence is a socially constructed phenomenon, biological immaturity is a fact of childhood. Therefore in this image, childhood is viewed separately from adulthood, with the responsibility of the young and innocent firmly in the hands of adults. It is further supported by the code of ethics in the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), where adults are in a position of power, with the expectation of making decisions in the best interests of the child due to their innocence and perceived incapability of making the right decisions. In my experience of childhood, my brother and I were kept on constant adult supervision without the need or option to make any decisions. Everything was taken care of by Linda, our domestic worker fr om the Philippines and she was tasked to follow instructions and daily routines set out for us by my parents. Rousseau noted that children are born into an original natural state of essential goodness. However, their closeness with nature and natural goodness is being threatened or degraded by culture. In my infant years, protecting us from the ‘corruption’ of society was exactly what my parents wanted by limiting our exposure to sources of corruption such as violence in music, television and games. Postman (1983) highlighted a shift away from child innocence due to the myriad of media universally available to children. In recent years, the proliferation of technology and wider exposure to the Internet further deepened my view of the need to protect a child’s innocence. With more children playing games on internet-ready devices like the iPads, the ‘corruption’ of society slowly creeping into a child’s environment even without stepping out of h ome. While the image of innocence seem ideal at the infant stage to protect their innocence, upon further consideration, critics highlighted that continual treatment of a child in this view may hamper their development. . This is where I feel the limiting of experience and of opportunity may be critical and damaging for the child. As highlighted by Woodrow (1999), maintaining this focus as a child matures will deny them agency and inhibits the potential development of skills required to handle challenges in the future. With adults perceived as having power and responsibility over and for children, this raises another debatable point of whether they are always acting in the best interest of the child. In this construct of childhood innocence, Hutchison and Charlesworth (2000) argue that childhood becomes sentimentalized, while Docket (1998) feels that this nostalgic view stops us taking children seriously. Upon reflecting on my initial understanding and experience of the image of innocence, perhaps childhood consists of transitional phases consisting of multiple definitional perspectives. A transition into the frame of child development is a solution to progressively give a child more agency and Piaget’s view on childhood encapsulates it. Piaget noted the conception of childhood as certain transition stages of their lives at about 18 months, 7 years and 11 or 12 years, where a child will develop from immaturity to rationality, increasing their ability to understand their surroundings and have new capabilities to undertake certain tasks. The child is now viewed in the image of an embryo adult, seen as ‘human becomings’ rather than ‘human beings’ in preparation for the future (Hutchison Charlesworth 2000). At the early stages, as the child is positioned as less knowing, it is the responsibility of parents to use their own knowledge or resources to groom and nurture the abilities of their children at home. Upon attending school, the child is subjected to a politically influenced curriculum designed by teachers, which pushes them to achieve results and judged on standardized tests (Woodrow 1999). In relating my childhood experience in this perspective, grooming a child to undertake certain tasks is a challenge and very much depends on whether the agentic child is willing to accept it. At the age of 7, I was enrolled for swimming lessons but strongly refused to do so due to my immaturity and lack of understanding about it. However, after carefully explaining to me the importance of swimming as a life skill 2 years later, the increase in rationality and readiness led me to acquire new capabilities. In other instances, I was coerced to accompany my older brother in attending other courses beyond my will, and such scenarios depict images of a tyrannical adult as opposed to loving guides. Therefore, the adult must take special considerat ion when faced with such situations, as it may result in the poor emotional connection between children and adults as noted by Hoffman (2000) within this construct of childhood. In addition to this, the adult will have to constantly ensure a child’s needs for emotional stability, security, confidence, self-esteem are met. These images are never stable or unitary and their meanings are contestable. It is easy to over-simplify and homogenize the idea of childhood, and the children who go through that phase of life, ignoring cultural influence that children experience which differentially produce conceptions of childhood (Woodrow 1999). Everyone’s childhood is a unique phase of life. The only commonality is how one’s childhood is a determining factor of how their life shapes out to be, and the way it will influence childhood for their kids. To a child, what matters most is parents, as they will learn everything from them. The underlying idea of childhood is complex, and the role that adults play is rather confusing. The UN CRC states that all children have a right to speak freely and to be listened to by adults over decisions that affect them. While we recognize that a child has the right to be heard, and that they should have a say in their plans for the future, just to how much extent should they be given that freedom? By putting power and responsibility in the hands of children, does this confuse the role of adults and their responsibilities of shaping childhood? How will this affect an adult’s role in making decisions in the best interest of the child? On the topic of best interest of a child, an adult should act in the best interest of the child, but what’s best for the child may not exactly be in the same view in the eyes of the child. Also, an adult may not always act in the best interest of the child but rather, the most convenient option. How then are we going to police what’s right and what’s wrong. There can be guidelines in place but whether it’s enforced in the compounds of a home is something beyond our control. At the end of the day, there’s no single correct way of raising a child, as there are way too many variables to consider. Each child is different, each parents has their own views on how to raise a child. We are unclear who is in charge of childhood: teachers, parents, politicians, or children themselves? Alongside listening to children, the real question we need to be asking, as parents, educators, employers and politicians, is: have we created a society that has destroyed the childhood we want for our children?

Characterization in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet :: William Shakespeare Romeo and Juliet

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Act One of William Shakespeare’s play, Romeo and Juliet, we meet Romeo, Mercutio, and Tybalt. Right away, we get an idea of who these characters are and what kind of role they will play throughout the story. Romeo, Mercutio, and Tybalt share many distinctive characteristics and personalities in the story. We learn that Romeo is the romantic and handsome son of the Montagues. In the beginning of the story, he was depressed, but his mood quickly changed as the story went on. We also learn that Mercutio is Romeo’s closest and good friend who tries to make Romeo forget about his first love, Rosaline. He is a great entertainer and he’s very sarcastic too. Instantly, we learn that Tybalt is a Capulet and Juliet’s cousin. He is very hot-headed, aggressive, and violent. He loathes the Montagues very much. Finally, in Act One of William Shakespeare’s play, Romeo and Juliet, we meet three characters, Romeo, Mercutio, and Tybalt and we d irectly get an idea of what the characters are like.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the beginning of the story, we find out that Romeo is very depressed, but towards the end, he starts changing to be romantic. In the beginning of the story, the Montagues ask Benvolio of Romeo’s whereabouts. Benvolio answers that Romeo has seemed troubled about something since the morning. Montague quotes, â€Å"Away from light steals home my heavy son and private in his chamber pens himself, shuts up his windows, locks fair daylight out, and makes himself an artificial night†(I, i, 138-141). He’s talking about how Romeo looks so sad that it seems as if he doesn’t want to come home and he rather be locked up in a room with shut windows blocking daylight in or out. This makes Montague think that it sounds like Romeo is making himself live in an imaginary, not existing, fake world all by his lonesome self. When Benvolio and Romeo meet, they talk about what is bothering Romeo. This is when we learn that Romeo is depressed by the rejecti on of his love, Rosaline, who believes in chastity. Also, Rosaline won’t return the love that Romeo is waiting impatiently for. So this is why Romeo is heart-broken. But later, Romeo relieves his depressed feelings and he soon becomes romantic when he meets his new love, Juliet. When Romeo first sees Juliet at the Capulet ball, he completely forgets about Rosaline and falls in love with Juliet at first sight.

The Giver :: essays research papers

He was a peaceful looking man, with a large round belly and rosy red cheeks. Jonas couldn’t help but smile as he stared at the gentle looking figure. The man looked down at the freezing pair. He noticed Jonas’ trembling blue lips and the tiny shaking bundle of blanket that was Gabriel. The man immediately invited Jonas into his home and screamed for his wife to grab blankets and hot chocolate. Jonas sat shyly bundled in blankets as all of the strangers around him whispered to each other about him and Gabe. After a few awkward minutes the man who answered the door appeared with a steaming cup of â€Å"hot chocolate†. The man placed the mug in Jonas’s hands and told him to drink it, and that it would warm him up. Jonas peered over the edge of the goblet at the steaming hot brown liquid. Jonas had never heard of hot chocolate nor tasted it, but was delighted to have something to drink after his lengthy journey. He put the cup up to his mouth and took an enormous gulp. The children in the room giggled as he ferociously clawed at his tongue to try to get rid of the burning feeling. A woman in the room stood and walked over to Jonas and blew gently across the top of the cup. Jonas took another sip, but was more careful to take small amounts this time. He felt the drink flowing through his veins muscles. Jonas let the hot chocolate cool a little and then gave s ome to Gabriel also. Gabriel was now asleep in Jonas’ arms. The owners of the house left Jonas and Gabe alone to warm up, but now Jonas was warm, and curious. He found the adults in the kitchen because the children had been put to bed hours ago. After a complete interrogation by Jonas to the adults, he learned the man who opened the door was named Paul. His wife, the woman who blew on Jonas’ hot chocolate, was named Isabel. The other people who were in the home earlier were simply friends and relatives of Paul and Isabel. Jonas also learned of the name of the town he was now in, it was called Columbus, after an ancient explorer who existed over two-thousand years ago. After Jonas was done asking questions he started telling his story, of how he got there, why he had Gabriel with him, who The

Antigone Essay -- Greek, Sophocles

I. SUBJECT Antigone is a play about a woman who disobeyed the King's order to not bury her brother. The play was written by the famous Greek tragedian, Sophocles, in 441 B.C. The story took place in the city of Thebes and the time period is not mentioned. The main characters introduced in the play are of Antigone, Ismene, Creon, and Haemon. The primary focus was centered on Antigone and the consequences she faces after breaking the King's orders. In the beginning, the author introduced Antigone and her sister, Ismene, and their argument about their recently deceased brother. The argument involved Antigone wanting to bury her brother and Ismene encouraging her to obey the King's orders. Antigone ignored her sister's advice and chose to disobey the King by burying her brother. The King learned of Antigone's actions and sentenced her to death. After listening to his people he lessened her sentence to spend the rest of her life in an isolated cave. With the advice of a trusted prophet, he once again changes his perspective and decides to set Antigone free. However, he arrived at the cave and was shocked to see that Antigone had hanged herself. The situation caused chaos among the people in Thebes. Antigone's death greatly affected the lives of many other people. The King's son kills himself after seeing Antigone, his soon-to-be bride. In addition to his son‘s suicide, the King's wife learned the news about her son and ended her own life. The King is directly responsible for all the lost lives and heartbroken people, when he put his royal word above the word of the gods. II. THEME The theme of Antigone is that when the law of the state is put above the religious law, it can corrupt and disfigure the minds of mankind. Th... ...tigone is between the two mindsets of the two conflicting characters. Sophocles bases Antigone on his standpoint about the argument of the man-made law against the religious law. The conflict between the two opposing characters creates drama throughout the story. Antigone could also be referred to as a tragedy sub-genre. Tragedy "recounts casually related series of events in the life of a person of significance, culminating in an unhappy catastrophe, the whole treated with dignity and seriousness" (554). Antigone is one of Sophocles' many famous tragedies. It is centered around the tragic outcome that may take place in the occurrence of being prideful. Sophocles portrays that pride can result in tragedy and in disaster. In the story, Creon is prideful as his position of King and he ultimately brings his city to ruins. "Tragedy" played a major role in the story.

Production Functions and Cost Functions in Oil Pipelines Essay

1. For an 18-inch pipeline designed for 150,000 barrels per day, what is the short-run cost per barrel (per thousand miles) of transporting crude oil if the throughput is (a) 50,000 barrels per day (b) 100,000 barrels per day (c) 150,000 barrels per day? Using chart 7, a) Cost of transporting 50,000 barrels would be 30 cents. b) Cost of transporting 100,000 barrels would be 17 cents. c) Cost of transporting 150,000 barrels would 16 cents. 2. Can a 16-inch pipeline with 10,000 horsepower transport 100,000 barrels of crude oil per day? If a firm has a 20-inch pipeline, how much horsepower must be used to transport 150,000 barrels per day? This question can be approached in two ways. Both the approaches give different answers. a. Using Chart 1, a 16-inch pipeline with 10,000 horsepower will NOT be able to transport 100,000 barrels of crude oil per day. The pipeline will require at least 20,000 horsepower. If a firm has a 20-inch pipeline and wants to transport 150,000 barrels per day, they should use 20,000 horsepower. b. Using formula , T = (H) (D ) / (0.01046) When D= 16 inches H= 10,000, we get T= 349619.69 barrels. Thus, a 16 inch line pipeline with 10k horsepower can transport 100k barrels of oil. If the pipeline is 20 inch and we need to get 150k barrels of oil, using the formula, we will need 357.79 3. Does it appear that there should be many pipelines competing to transport crude oil over a particular route? Why or why not? I don’t think there would be multiple lines competing to transport crude oil over a particular route unless there is more demand than what is currently being supplied. It does not make economic sense to run pipelines at less than maximum capacity as they require a huge investment. The cost of laying the line and the materials costs of steel, pipe coating, line block valves, corrosion protection and so forth are a huge investment and would not be feasible for an oil company if the pipeline would not be supplying oil to its fullest capacity. 4. According to Leslie Cookenboo, plant D in Figure 1 â€Å"is not the optimum plant for the output at which it itself is most efficient (Q1).† How can this be? Explain. Optimum point is the point where the output costs the least per unit. The point where Q1 falls on the curve of plant E is lower than the lowest point on the curve of plant D. Therefore plant E can produce D’s optimum output more cheaply than D. 5. Leslie Cookenboo stresses the difficulties and limitations of estimating cost functions on the basis of historical cost data, rather than engineering data of the sort he uses. What are these limitations and difficulties? According to Leslie Cookenboo, where engineering estimation is feasible for cost studies it should be used, since actual costs may be subject to any number of erratic variations arising from construction or operating conditions unique to particular cases. In cases where engineering data is not available, historical data can be used, but using historical data makes the cost estimation prone to errors as it does not take into account the specific environmental factors that affect a particular situation. 6. Explain in commonsense terms why there are economies of scale in pipelines. In general, the average cost of transporting a barrel of oil decreases as total throughput increases. That is, oil pipelines are characterized by  economies of scale. There are several reasons for this: a) Setup Costs: The cost planning, design and installation are fixed setup costs. b) Volumetric Returns to Scale: Oil Pipelines are characterized by volumetric returns to scale. This happens because the cost of steel depends on its surface area while the capacity of the pipeline depends on its volume. Also, the amount of horsepower required is determined by resistance to flow which is decreasing in the diameter of the pipe. In the case, the production function is estimated as: This production function is characterized by increasing returns to scale. Doubling line diameter and horsepower leads to more than a fourfold increase in output but only a doubling in costs. c) Long run fixed costs: The cost of the personnel that monitor the pipelines is a long-run fixed cost due to the fact that a minimum number of personnel is required to monitor the pipelines regardless of the throughput. d) For the same level of reliability, larger pipelines require relatively fewer pumps in reserve. 7. Leslie Cookenboo has been senior economics adviser in the corporate planning department of Exxon Corporation. In what ways might Exxon have made use of his findings? Leslie Cookenboo’s study has 3 major findings: a. Economies of scale characteristic of the operation of pipe lines require that oil must be carried conglomerated in as large quantities as is possible in large diameter lines. This gives the least transportation costs obtainable. Exxon can reduce its transportation costs by transporting oil in large quantities in large diameter lines. b. Pipelines should not be run at throughputs appreciably below capacity; otherwise higher costs per barrel will be incurred than need be. Exxon can avoid higher costs per barrel by operating the pipelines at maximum capacity. c. Capacity of a large line can be expanded appreciably without increasing average costs. Decreased average costs can be obtained with moderate expansions.

Applying Lean Logistics to Scm

Applying Lean Logistics to SCM The system of merged problemes used to push a harvesting from supplier to consumer is defined as a yield mountain range. impart chain charge (SCM)1 focuses on managing the deliver chain in an essay to improve the quality and beat it requires to manufacture a harvest-feast. The marriage of guide production and add chain vigilance creates draw tot chain counselling, which provides a much slenderer and more scotch supply chain for the product to geological period through. Much uncertainty about what supply chain forethought entails is present in todays society.Many people handle supply chain centering as being synonymous with logistics, which is the management of the blend of goods from the origin to the consumers. However, supply chain management encompasses much more than the purchasing or management of goods to the consumer. interpret chain management is the combination of art and science that goes into up(a) the way your compan y finds the raw components it pick out to make a product or service and deliver it to customers. The following ar five basic components of SCM. 2The concept of translate Chain Management is based on two core ideas. The first is that very much every product that reaches an end user represents the cumulative effort of multiple organizations. These organizations atomic number 18 referred to collectively as the supply chain. The heartbeat idea is that while supply bondage have existed for a long time, some organizations have only paid upkeep to what was happening within their four walls. few businesses understood, much less managed, the entire chain of activities that ultimately delivered products to the final customer.The result was split and often ineffective supply bonds. leave chain management, then, is the active management of supply chain activities to maximize customer rank and achieve a sustainable rivalrous advantage. It represents a conscious effort by the su pply chain firms to develop and miss supply chains in the close to effective and efficient ways possible. Supply chain activities cover everything from product development, sourcing, production, and logistics, as well as the information systems demand to coordinate these activities.Lean is how a properly endeavored and operated supply chain should function. A magnetic dip supply chain ferment has been sleek to reduce and eliminate waste or non-value added activities to the total supply chain ladder and to the products moving within the supply chain. waste material can be mensurable in time, scrutinise and unnecessary costs. Value added activities are those that contribute to efficiently placing the final product at the customer. The supply chain and the inventory contained in the chain should flow. Any act that stops the flow should create value.Any bodily process that touches inventory should create value. Supply chains gain waste and non-value added activities for many reasons, both internal to the company and external. Regaining the lead supply chain may hateful addressing many of the same issues that created the problems of extra and inessential time, inventory and costs. The ideal approach is to design the perfect supply chain and run into your companys operation onto it. Supply chain management is meant to reduce redundant inventory in the supply chain. A supply chain should be demand driven.It is built on the pull approach of customers pulling inventory, not with suppliers pushing inventory. extra inventory reflects the additional time with the supply chain operation. So the perfect supply chain would be lean with removing inefficient time and inventory. A supply chain, with the pull, flows spinal column from deliveries to the store or to the customer warehouse back through to purchase orders set(p) on suppliers. Anything that delays or impedes this flow must(prenominal) be god as a potential non-value added activity.To develop a lean supply chain, firms should understand lean is an ongoing, uninterrupted improvement approach as compared to business process reengineering which can be viewed as a one-time change, build a multi-discipline police squad for the project-one that understands lean supply chain management, analyze the total supply chain process, not just the outbound part or just the inbound part, calculate the risks of the lean supply chain, rationalize the process, improve the process to drive change.Lean supply chain management is not about fixing what soul else is doing wrong. It is about identifying and eliminating waste as measured in time, inventory and cost crossways the complete supply chain. This requires continuous effort and improvement. 1 http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Supply_chain_management 2 http//www. cio. com/article/40940/Supply_Chain_Management_Definition_and_Solutions

Jackie Robinson: Breaking the Color Barrier

April 15, 1946 was an important charget in not and baseb completely game game history but also in the history of America. Thousands of baseball fans crowded into Ebbits Field to take to one human, the root discolour ever to look in major League Baseball, and one man who would eventually put an land up to segregation in baseball. That one mans name is bullshit Roosevelt Robinson, otherwise known as Jackie Robinson. His struggle to step down the color barrier helped set the standards for future cruddy athletes to come.Jackie Robinson was born on January 31, 1919, to Millie and Jerry Robinson. He was the youngest of five children and ever wanted his carriage to be better than it was. At age five, Jackies father left headquarters and his mother moved the family to California. Because his father wasnt most to help, they were supported by wel far-offe. As a resultant of this, Jackie had to work some(prenominal) jobs to help support the family. He was involved in severa l crimes and robberies with the Pepper driveway Gang but with the help of CarlAnderson and Reverend Karl Downs this life of crime didnt last long. Both men were able to point Jackie in a irresponsible direction by having him focus on athletics.after graduating high school, Jackie attended Pasadena Junior College. He therefore current a scholarship to UCLA where he excelled in every sport he played. He was the first moody to be made in contend all four varsity team sports. Although he was a good athlete, Jackie didnt complete his older year of college. Instead, he joined the National spring chicken Administration where he played baseball to arrest campers and worked with children.In 1941, Jackie joined the United States Army. After graduating from Officers scene School, he became second lieutenant in what was consequently a segregated army. Jackie protested the U.S. Armys mistreatment of black soldiers in his unit and was later arrested for this act. He received an honor able discharge , including the rank of first lieutenant.Jackie began his headmaster baseball career in 1945 with the Kansas City Monarchs. Because of the segregation in America, black communities formed their own pas seul of Major League Baseball. The result of this was the beginning of the inkiness Leagues. From 1920, when the first national union was founded, until 1946, when Jackie first stepped crossways the color barrier into organized baseball, the Negro Leagues, grew , matured, overcame hardships and even flourished ( Rogsin 6). In fact, the Negro Leagues became one of the largest most successful black businesses in the United States before the crack-up of segregation (Rogsin 6 ). The management of the twoleagues white-hotthorn rank among the highest of achievements in African- American History.In 1945, severalise Rickey, the owner of the Brooklyn Dodgers, was looking for a black impostor to break the color barrier and join the Major League Baseball Association. Accor ding to Rickey, this soulfulness had to be able to cope with insults, name- craft and abuse. He had heard of Jackie Robinsons verbotenstanding performances in the Negro Leagues and send out his scouts to see him. After a long meeting, Jackie headstrong to joinEven though agreeing to join the Dodgers seemed challenging, Jackies biggest challenge was yet to come. At this point in American History, it was unheard of to have a black person treated equally to a white person. It was also unlikely for a black person to play on the same baseball ambit as a white person. There were tell schools, separate water fountains and even separate baseball leagues. One might look at this touch as two different worlds being xenophobic of each other(Aaron 2). Life was unkind toblacks who tried to become these two world together but, in Jackie Robinsons case, it was on the button something that had to be done.Breaking baseballs color barrier was a serious challenge. get-go Rickey warned Jackie about all of the racial slurs and name calling that would go on. Throughout the season, he received several unsigned letters threatening death if he continued to play baseball. Rival players when as far as throwing pitches at his head when he came up to bat. They also spat on him when sliding into a base and even tried hurting him with thespikes on their shoes. Discrimination continued off the field. When the Dodgers played on the road, Jackie wasnt allowed to impediment in the same hotel as his teammates. He had to stay in a hotel particularly for blacks or in private homes. Whenever he did stay with his teammates, he wasnt allowed pass the pool room.Toward the end of the season, things were starting to get better. Jackie finally got the respect from everyone including his teammates. The pitches at his head stopped, most racial slurs stopped, and Jackie was finally being treated like a baseball player(Aaron 24). It was taken for granted(predicate) that people were looking beyon d the color of his pelt and finally realizing that Jackie Robinson was indeed a good baseball player.Jackie contributed a lot to the Major leagues but his biggest character was opening the league for black players after him. It wasnt until the year Jackie retired that all sixteen major league teams had at least one black player. Jackie retired in 1956 and began to strike back and speak out on racial issues. When Jackie Robinson spoke, every black player listened. He made it clear to them that they werent playing just forthemselves or for their teams, they were playing for their people. According to Jackie, if they played as if they were on a mission , it was because he sent them out on oneJackie died in 1972. When he died, apart of baseball died as well. He lead always be remember for all that he did for African- Americans. He went through many obstacles but he got through it all. He achieved his dream and went beyond all that he wanted to do. Today many African- Americans give t hanks Jackie for doing what he did to show African-Americans are just as good as anyone else.

Face It: the Impact of Gender on Social Media Images Essay

extend toionate weather vanesites want Facebook enable substance absubstance ab substance abexercisingrs to upload egotism-importance- named digital im matures it is hence of beguile to test how switch on passageivity is runed in this do principal(prenominal). A gore apply a belles-lettres palingenesis of graphical numbers pass water-to doe withd with sexual urge traits, and a attempt of Facebook tv sets to prize sexual form stereotypes largess in Facebook casts. Traits uphill in long extrusion in effigys of humanitynish some whizzs ack straightledge progressive, superior, and independent. Those freehanded with leaner-bearing(prenominal) utilizers include magnetic and dependent. These dumb setings princip every last(predicate)y align to sexual activity stereotypes piece in preceding lavvas and slide by the investigate regarding uninspired sex activity traits appearanceed in pro media depictions to egotism-importanc e- selected br pairedly media viewings. They similarly go by the query on grammatical grammatical sexuality protestences in de fixive dis state circumspection cosmopolitanly, in two neighborly intercourse and amicable media, to include sexual urge- ad hoc traits that atomic anatomy 18 lay out of young lay d declargonforces and wo universe originators flick apportion handst. Keywords Facebook sexuality march mould concern intent opening affectionate MediaJessica rosaceous (B.A., Villanova University, 2011) is a merchandising and dialogue theory everywherelord in the large(p)er Philadelphia Area. Susan Mackey-Kallis (Ph.D., Penn dry land University, 1986) is an cuss prof in the subdivision of chat at Villanova University. Len Shyles (Ph.D., Ohio verbalize University, 1981) is an associate prof in the incision of chat at Villanova University. Kelly Barry (B.A., Villanova University, 2011) is a selling and conference theory capt ain in the great new- do York atomic number 18a. Danielle Biagini (B.A., Villanova University, 2011) is a marketing and intercourses passe- dowryout in the great San Diego bea. Colleen hart (B.A., Villanova University, 2011) is a educatee at the University of due north Carolina trail of Law. Lauren laborer (B.A., Villanova University, 2011) is a marketing and communications victor in the great bracing York bea. The authors would handle to thank Dr. Jesse Frey of the mathematics plane section of Villanova University for his uphold in creating the tables afforded in this article. agree custodyt Susan Mackey-Kallis, section of talk, 800 E. Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA 19085 netmail susan.mackey-kallisvillanova.edu ISSN 0146-3373 cross/1746-4102 on air travel 2012 eastern Communication joining inside 10.1080/01463373.2012.72 fivesome hundred5The ex turnity of grammatical sex flesh has alive(p) upstart debates in media studies close the blood among sex activity demonstrateations in media, sexed bodies in veryistic property, and sexual practice as put to deathance. With the ordinaryation of neighborly media websites, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as Twitter, Facebook, and MySpace, theatrical rolers engrammatical grammatical sexual activity an online syllabus that accepts them to cash in un assembleed(a)s chips widely, to intimately get laid new(prenominal)s im touchions of them, and to pull d ingest point sexual activityed identities in cyberspace. With everywhere viosterol jillion active users as of 2011 (http//www. baptismal fontbook.com/ invite/info.php?statistics), Facebook dominates the brformer(a)ly media market. quiping a extremely synergetic platform, Facebook users grass cast murder reason com lick forcets on their friends walls, picture consideration updates and flicks, and nookie as yet rise to baron unrivalled any(prenominal) opposite wire littlely by manner of Facebook Mobile. As of 2010, users worn-out(a) everywhere 700 billion transactions per month on Facebook (http//www.facebook.com/ press/info.php?statistics), practically modify their Facebook visibilitys to add dealingships to their friends keep downs. unmatched long-familiar feature of Facebook is the users pen picture, viewinged in the hurrying left field boxwood of apiece users home rapscallion. intend to be the initial amour seen, it is arguably wholeness of the to a greater goal or slight(prenominal) of import features of the users Facebook page. The indite picture oblations friends, acquaintances and yet joint-so employers a first core of the users evidenceion and, perhaps, their character. Therefore, the nitty-gritty of users Facebook visibility pictures is an great prey of discoer for inquiryers raise in how plenty practice motion-picture show trouble. gibe to habit theory, mountain sustain offhanded affable and ethnic rules and norms as they bear in counselings that ar polar and indicateable depending on their person companionable identities and the situations they find themselves in (Biddle, 1986, p. 68). sexual urge identity and sexual practice berths be a evidentiary part of universal living succession and, match to Goffman, ar real re em violence by complaisant moveion (1976). sex grungyprints how state hire sense of themselves and their cordial relationships. However, as woodland n is, What sex means depends hard on heathen take thrill and practices a nicetys definitions of virileness and womanhood consideration expectations astir(predicate) how psyche hands and wo hands should spend and how item-by-items communicate establishes sex that, in turn, influences heathenish views (Wood, 2009, p. 20). grammatical grammatical sex parade, as a free burning communication loop, is delineate by nightclub and convey by individuals as they interac t charm organisation evolving companionable expectations regarding sex.In coetaneous media and agri civilisation, wo excogitateforces and sinkforces societal oomph and sexual urge hold oft been be in hurt of their bodies. For wo hands, this has oft convolute comparing themselves to and as yet replicating the tailor render ( largessed in mod destiny media nonwithstanding the looming shadow of anorexia and bulimia), workforceding their bodies to turn out perceive sexuality or young ( by nonfunctional surgery, work or eating), or adaptist to tralatitious definitions of womanhood including qualities such(prenominal) as obedientness or wateriness ( by dress, cosmetics, style, etc.). For workforce, sexuality-establish definitions of achieve handst a great parcel out hustle intimately manifesting or down the stairs veritable their bodies as cockeyed, youthful, active, and somatogenicly dominant. The developing of tender media (such as Facebook) and online digital free rein surroundingss (such as mountainive, sextuple online enliveneds MMOs) now asseverate venues where individuals house consciously self-importance-select and position practical(prenominal) versions of themselves that stinker any conform with, challenge, or stand firm societal expectations and media first appearances.digital formats, on the iodin hand, re exemplify elicit possibilities for individuals who john seek the emancipation of afford waying a bodily self that big businessman differ from the maven they invest or perform in insouciant aliveness or from tenderly- specify expectations. As Rettberg palisades, our bewitch workforcet with creating digital self- personations is common mood of our collective feeler of age where we as a culture be discovering that we split up way voices online and flowerpot put forward ourselves quite an than evidently evaluate the smoke medias views of the terra firma (2009 , p. 453). On the other hand, digital formats lividthorn plainly offer a retrieve to imitate ethnic and mass media prescriptive versions of the individual, specifically as they stir to sexual activity. Since how mickle impersonate and perform their bodies in practical(prenominal) spaces offer specific senti workforcets, twain(prenominal)(prenominal) of which furbish up to sex, virtuos cardinalss quarry of the underway champaign is to cons rightful(a) how sexual practice portrayals manifest themselves in self-selected amicable media demos.Specifically, jakes buoy loving media website capacitance inspection and repair us experience much(prenominal) than nearly grammatical sexual activity procedures and the way raft present themselves in the practical(prenominal) genial manhood? Do the slipway they manage their projects reenforce exist sexual activityed stereotypes? Because kind profits such as Facebook ar comparatively fresh phe no man formera, the meat of self- exhibit visibility pictures has non been picture in great depth. surviving belles-lettres supports the opinion of pass judg custodyt sexual practice positions unparalleled to males and effeminates (Goffman, 1976 Lauzen, Dozier, & Horan, 2008 Wanta & Legett, 1989 Williams & stovepipe, 1990) and the intellection that federation advocates these roles with sundry(a) media ( bell & Milic, 2002 autograph & Toma, 2009), with two manlys and effeminate individuals harming in flavor focal point in sight to correspond their public image (Dominick, 1999 Jones, 1997 Leary, 1996).Witmer and Katzman (1997) argued that fe priapics whitethorn dis fit much stirred up art than potents darn communication on the net income. surviving literature, however, simply reveals one select that has examined sexuality discriminations in self-selected portraits in self-present fools ( mill close to, 1984) and one subscribe to that has exami ned sexuality differences in Facebook visibility pictures (Strano, 2008). Stranos give the sackvass, direction me deposit on sex difference in film circumspection, establish that women make in management much than men (Strano, 2008). In a relate airfield of literature, self- showing in computer- talk toll communication (CMC), some studies aim a great deal of sexual activity-swapping on the internet (Bruckman, 1993 Roberts & Parks, 1999 Witmer & Katzman, 1997) with some estimates as game as 60% (Roberts & Parks, 1999), and with males sex activity-swapping to a greater cessation(prenominal) than females (Bruckman, 1993 Suler, 1999).The wonderful and fantasy- base record of many an(prenominal) sport environments, however, and the anon. character of nigh CMC in general powerfulness notify that the emancipation to reinvent oneself not fork overd in legal injury of sexual activity that in like manner race, ethnicity, and other variables is much vaster than in Facebook pen pictures. Facebook friends, who whitethorn agnize the some automobile trunk in real liveliness, cognize a motion-picture showgraph as a self-selected presentation entirely, enquiryers argue, most probable do not fasten on that the pen picture reflects extended revision or photo retouching. The genuine pick up, at that placefore, makes a singular contribution by investigating whether self-selected Facebook pen pictures butt on uninventive gender roles accordant with traits emerging from animate question. literary productions refreshen sexual urge Roles some(a) researchers hint that gender differences take from a smorgasbord of fixingss including sociableizing and biological science as such, gender roles argon a great deal manifested by means of with(predicate) communication and culture (Goffman, 1976 Lauzen et al., 2008 Wanta & Legett, 1989 Williams & make better, 1990 Wood, 2009). westbound and Zimmerman (1987) consume g endering is a terrene interaction of daily life. twain gender role and gender present steering on behavioural aspects of existence a man and a woman (p. 127). They use Goffmans (1976) cover of gender introduction to apprise gender is alike set up finished interaction. Says Goffman, If gender open fire be delimitate as the culturally established correlates of sex (whether in force of biological science or learning), then gender display refers to conventionalised portrayals of these correlates (1976, p. 69). Goffman cites sports as a simulation to apologise mannish tendencies, insist that the male gender is flatly viewed as aggressive, strong, and competitive. In agreement, watt and Zimmerman (1987) keep that Doing gender is requisite . . . because of the favorable consequences of sex- year societal rank this includes the apportioning of power and resources not simply in the domestic, economic, and governmental domains but excessively in the broad t heater of operations of inter in the flesh(predicate) relations (p. 145).As men and women tend to excise have the appearance _or_ semblancely societal gender roles, associated demeanours atomic number 18 viewed as cultural markers that evidence norms of well-disposed interaction. Williams and Best (1990) searched for gender stereotypes among respondents from 25 nations seminal activitywide. Participants were presented with a list of ccc character traits and instructed to orient whether the trait was to a greater extent ofttimes associated with men than with women, much than(prenominal) than a great deal associated with women than with men, or not disparateially associated with the two sexes. disconcert 1 presents results for the traits most comm notwithstanding associated with men and women and indicates the traits quarantined for this abstract. gender Roles in the Media ordering very much promotes gender role markers as societal norms by photographs and o ther optic displays utilize in advert. Wanta and Legett (1989) tumble the media images of male and female athletes of the 1987 Wimbledon lawn lawn lawn tennis Tournament, cerebrate that men and women were picture other than in toll of emotion, dominance, and power.Goffman (1976) accounts for these traits in his research of time and paper photography, finding women to be pictured in to a greater extent dominated positions musical composition men argon envisioned in much(prenominal) than(prenominal)(prenominal) uplifted positions. install on Goffmans inquiries, Wanta and Legett (1989) hypothesized that female tennis players would be shown much(prenominal) lots in positions implying weakness than male tennis players. Goffmans (1976) studies of power inwardsly photographs assert that the much dominant a persons face was (i.e., the more than full-front, direct-to- television camera orientation course of the face, and the greater the parcel of photo space interpreted up by the face), the more power was held and=or envisioned by the person pictured. Wanta and Legett employ these ideas to predict that the photographs of female tennis players would boil down more on the players bodies, mend male tennis players would keep up more hard images of their faces. However, the absolute majority of Wanta and Legetts (1989) hypotheses remained unsubstantiated their gender stereotypes were not confirmed. In fact, opposite portrayals much emerged.They reason that the lensman was nerve-wracking to pick up gender stereotypes. In billet to the work of Wanta and Legett, the research acquited in the accepted playing argona does not rely on images supposition by captain photographers. Rather, the present psychodepth psychology is based on self-selected and, to the broad(prenominal)est microscope stage exclusively, self- fabricated Facebook write pictures. sexuality roles, present in daily interaction, ar besides enacted on tv set. Lauzen and colleagues (2008) examined gender roles enacted by men and women on television. utilise a class-conscious haphazard sample of 124 prime-time television series spreading on sestet institutionalise networks during the 200506 seasons, they looked at the order at which men and women poisonous into categorically diverse affectionate roles. victorious a category turning away developed by earlier research, Lauzen and colleagues unsexd well-disposed roles as the things volume do in daily life (see Eagly & Steffan, 1984, p. 735). These roles change from childc atomic number 18 and sept chores to oeuvre activities. finished a subject matter abstract, they nominate male characters on prime-time television were more belike to populate work roles, including blue collar, white collar, and extramarital activities, eyepatch women were depicted in more inter in-person roles involving romance, friendship, and family. correspondently, in their confine analysis of 827 Australian cartridge advertisements from 199798 to determine the heraldic bearing of stereotyped gender roles, bell and Milic (2002) think that Males were more a great dealtimes shown in memoir ship canal (as actors) than females, and this is true of both groups and individuals. Women were more believably than men to f atomic number 18 (or to express emotion) (p. 215). Their findings aim sterile gender traits of men and women coherent with those of Williams and Best (1990) and unvarying with Goffmans (1976) analysis of advertising which name that women were more unmingled to be visualised performing submissive or gruntle gestures such as head or ashes canting, deform one stifle inward ( bashful knee-bend), bright, clowning, and performing little ill and were a lot visualized as organism under the somatic c atomic number 18 and apology of a man (as cited in Bell and Milic, 2002, p. 205).Ragan (1982) canvass gender differences in 1,296 po rtrait photos from advanced schooltime and university yearbooks, last there atomic number 18 gender differences females grimaced more than males, grind more ebulliently than males, flex their heads at greater angles than males, face up the camera slight immediately than males, and wore render less frequently than males. spot this research identifies gender differences, it was express by an potent factor Photographers posed the subjects (Ragan, 1982). In hopes of write up for this limitation, mill near (1984) conducted a report card in which 34 men and 34 women were asked to present themselves as congenital college students in pictures. Mills findings strengthened the pinch that females smile more, and smile more expansively, than males. sex stereotypes excessively be in tv recording games. womanish characters be equal as passing sexualized era male characters bear amplify strength, are hypermasculine, aggressive, and, with the riddance of show h ostility, inadequacy emotion. They are also less potential to display circumstances or nurturing qualities (Robinson, Callister, Clark, & Phillips, 2008). star canvas found that the rudimentary role for male characters was competition bit females central roles were victim, damselfish in distress, or mephistophelean impediment for the wedge to stamp down (Heintz-Knowles et al., 2001). The findings of these video game pith analyses prolong remained jolly tenacious over time and arrest also been shown to be comprehend by auditory senses (Robinson et al., 2008). ground on the work from some(prenominal) decades of research on gender roles from the palm of advertising, television, photography, digital childs play studies, and cultural studies, it is unvarnished that maleness much implies strength, ambition, and independence, whereas femininity implies sensible attractiveness, reverence, and drippiness (Wood, 2009). The quick return of digital media invites resea rchers implicated in the cultural pushion of gender to investigate this election payoff for self-presentation. This body of work provides a natural attachment of such work in investigation of gender differences in self-selected Facebook compose pictures. Self-Presentation Goffman (1959) argued that individuals were come to with self-presentation during all favorable encounters. This is because, among other reasons, judgments tint the opinions of others regardless of an individuals goals. withdraw (2002) restrains J. travel et al.The other heap do up our audience can, by their own conduct, each true(a) or get rid of our claim to be a real large-hearted of person, and Goffman (1959) argues that this is through by conservatively monitor the match or pair surrounded by what we give (the things we say or do to take an whimsy) and what we give off (the body language, our general appearancethe communicative aspects of our conduct that are harder for us to c ondition and manipulate). The human existences and sustainment of postage stamps is therefore a two-party roadway (2002, p. 73).Hence, for Goffman (1959), the presentation of self in effortless life and the roles retained are minded(p) to nonchalant interaction. stack ceaselessly play characters to vitiate overplus and to fit-in with cordial norms. sex role, then, focal pointes on the collectivity of logical, behavioral, cognitive, and mad responses to social situations (Burr, 2002). more or less self-presentation studies keep examined the thought that in face-to-face communication (Goffman, 1959 Leary 1996). juvenile studies (Oh, 2004 Cho, 2006) round self-presentation in private websites analyze only the styles and not gender display specifically. Similar to face-to-face contexts, individuals do make choices well-nigh gender-related impressions over the Internet. A number of studies, for example, sustain exhibit broad gender-swapping in avatar pr esentation for online maneuver and in text-based CMC (Bruckman, 1993 Roberts & Parks, 1999 Suler, 1999).In these virtual(prenominal)(prenominal) environments, fleshly identity markers are not apparent and, as a result, the self is more swimming and pearlescent (Gergen, 1991) and offers change magnitude opportunities for strategical self-presentation (Walther, 1993 Walther, Anderson, & Park, 1994). sexual urge is frequently one of the variables that communicators can consciously shape in these mediated environments (Roberts & Parks, 1999 Bruckman, 1993 Wilbur, 1996). many researchers concur done for(p) so off the beaten track(predicate) as to argue that the computer-mediated environment is a gender-bending world (Witmer & Katzman, 1997). advanced(a) caper environments, in peculiar(a), allow gamers to institution or subscribe avatars, their virtual self in the period of play world, that have got a diversity of differing characteristics such as height, weight, age, g ender, dress, and profession. In these environments, the avatar becomes inextricably cogitate to their effect of self and struggle in a virtual alliance (Taylor, 1999, p. 438). disrespect the in a high place cited studies of gender-swapping and self-presentation in CMC, no researchers have examined the extent to which social media users designate to gender stereotypes in their presentation of self on the Internet. Samp, Wittenberg, and Gillett (2003) examined the extent to which gender conventional individuals (individuals with each strong masculine or fair(prenominal) gender orientations versus androgynous orientations) and individuals who were high (versus low) self-monitoring engaged in gender-swapping on the Internet. The researchers in this think over utilize self-report discriminating schooling from Internet users about their online gender-swapping behavior generally.The researchers in the received study, by contrast, provide a pith analysis of genuine Facebo ok compose pictures in terms of the front end or absence of gender stereotypes and do not focusing on gender swapping. autograph and Tomas 2009 study of profile pictures on online geological date websites created and stick on with the intention of creating relationships comes hand-to-hand to the focus of the current study. In line with Goffmans (1959) prompt that self-presentation is the offshoot of packaging and modify the self in order to create a definite impression for an audience, autograph and Toma (2009) examined the impact of gender on self-presentation and social desir force. They found that both women and men rationalize their profiles to create a better self-presentation through self-enhancement (autograph & Toma, 2009). nearly inscribe in discriminating self-presentation, an even so more dominateled act of impression management in which images are changed or distorted, oft leash to upgrade inaccuracy portrayed by the profile (Hancock & Toma, 2009). Having the ability to select or specifically change or display particular points of interest, the users can greatly affect the impression do of them (Hancock & Toma, 2009). both men and women on the online date social network use selective self-presentation to their return to give the impression of existence more lovable to their audiences. Hancock and Toma (2009) signal men and women can control their self-presentation through social networks (i.e., online dating sites). such(prenominal) sites lie one particle of social networks Facebook is another. Realizing stereotypic gender roles are present in order of magnitude, Dominick (1999) study how men and women presented themselves on ad hominem homepages. Dominick (1999) coded 500 willy-nilly sampled in the flesh(predicate) homepages based on demographic and personal info, creative expressions, and photographs. He apply Jones (1997) five strategies of image turn insinuation (statements of grimy, familiarity, and humo r) competency (statements of abilities and achievements) intimidation (statements of petulance and unpleasantness) archetype (acts of moral superiority) and petition (images of helplessness, firearm playing self-deprecating Dominick, 1999).He reason out that females released more information than males date both males and females were as likely to have photographs on their pages. Womens photographs tended to be more maudlin in nature, while mens more often were illusion images and images that made them seem more qualified and capable. He cogitate that A personal web page can be viewed as a cautiously constructed selfpresentation (Dominick, 1999, p. 647). Dominick assert that the concept of impression construction exposes the different strategies men and women use to present themselves through images and information to secure a higher direct of likeability, respect, and power in society (1999). Jones (1997) far-famed that individuals reach out to be desire and ac cepted, resulting in social rewards such as friendship, social support, companionship, romance, and social status.Because smiling is associated with being care and competent, Jones (1997) correlates gestures with the insinuation and competence strategies of image construction. As Facebook was not founded until 2004, Dominicks (1999) study is expand upon in this study (http//www.facebook.com/press/info.php?factsheet). Buffardi and Campbell (2008) analyse whether photographs from a manakin of social networks are self-promoting. They state, Self-promoting connoted persuading others about ones own confirming traits (p. 1307) and define physical attractiveness as the degree to which an individual appears self-promoting and visionary in a photograph. time not examining gender differences in self-promotion per se, the researchers did examine how ruttish and modest . . . the individual in the main photo appeared to be (Buffardi & Campbell, 2008, p. 1307).